Rhetorical Analysis Of John s Speech - 1296 Words

Lesson Construction Template Introduction and Objective John stands at the podium, facing his audience. He begins his speech. You move forward in your seat, straining to hear what John is saying. As you look around the room, you notice that everyone else is doing the same; some people are even cupping their hands around their ears in an effort to hear. People exchange looks and shrugs: They have no idea what John is saying. It seems so obvious to you, but John is completely unaware. He concludes his speech, and you find yourself wondering what exactly John’s speech was about. What happened during John’s presentation? Why do you think it was so difficult for everyone to understand John’s speech? Though John’s speech started poorly, do you think he could have recovered and finished strong? How might John have accomplished this mid-speech? Today we’re going to look at the importance of being aware of your audience and adjusting volume and clarity to demonstrate audience awareness. Today s lesson objective is: Students will demonstrate awareness of audience using appropriate volume and clarity in formal speaking situations. Learning Skills Take a moment and think about this lesson’s learning objective. What skills will you need to be successful? Consider presentations you’ve seen in the past. How does a speaker demonstrate that he or she is aware of the audience? How does a speaker use volume for effect? Should volume vary to emphasize a point? HowShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of John F. Kennedy s Speech1405 Words   |  6 PagesMadinger Composition 1 26 October 2015 We Choose to go to the Moon Rhetorical Analysis There are many things that a speech must contain to make it a well written and spoken speech. John F. Kennedy s speech he gave on September 12th 1962, titled â€Å"Address at Rice University on the Nation s Space Efforts†, better known as â€Å"We Choose to go to the Moon† contains many of the important factors of a successful speech. 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Kennedy is considered one of the greatest speeches in twentieth-century American public address,† says Sara Ann Mehltretter from Penn State University. The 1960s was an important time period during American history. The speech was said to motivate Americans and unite them to successfully create a powerful government. In a time of d esperation, the actions that the United States government would take to help come out successful was very important for the countries future. In John F. Kennedy’sRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of John F. Kennedy s Inaugural Address Essay1566 Words   |  7 PagesBUT FREEDOM: Rhetorical Analysis of John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address Tanner A. Woody Anderson University On January 20, 1961, John Fitzgerald Kennedy delivered a speech with a backdrop of snow and a twenty-degree wind blowing in his face in Washington D.C. In his speech, he starts off with saying that his victory is not for a party but it is for freedom. 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Ibn Sina/Avicenna Free Essays

string(77) " separate from its existence as we can conceive of it without its actuality\." ‘Ibn Sina’s renown brought him the title ‘the leading eminent scholar’ (al-Shayk al Ra’is). Discuss the significance of his philosophical ideas with special focus on his distinction between his essence and existence, and its role in his proof for God as the necessary existent. Ibn Sina, or Avicenna, born 980 AD, was a leading polymath of many subjects; many of his theories are still renowned today; 240 of (approximately) 450 works can authentically be attributed to him, contributing to mainly medicine and philosophy, but also astronomy, physics, psychology, geology and even poetry. We will write a custom essay sample on Ibn Sina/Avicenna or any similar topic only for you Order Now A devout Muslim and child prodigy, he had memorised the Qur’an by the age of ten, and quickly surpassed his teachers of the Hanafi Sunni school, and by the age of 16 was fully learned in the sciences of his time. After studying medicine, he turned his attention to physics and metaphysics, reading Aristotle’s Metaphysics forty times, until he had memorised it, yet he could not grasp its meaning until reading al-Farabi’s commentary which enlightened his problems of understanding. He began writing his own discourse on this topic and many others on his travels to Isfahan whilst working as a physician to Kings and other important figures, gaining prestige in medical matters and his knowledge of philosophy, theology and metaphysics was widely recognised. Even after his death in 1038 AD, his works have continued to influence philosophical and medical thought; his ‘canon of medicine’ served as the highest medical authority for 600 years, and the translation of kitab al-Shifa (Book of Healing) into Latin served as the starting point for many other prestigious thinkers, such as Aquinas, and this discourse will be further looked at here. Avicenna is considered â€Å"the most famous and influential of the philosopher-scientists of the Islamic world† There are many other Islamic philosophers that have attempted to address metaphysics, but Ibn Sina’s works alone systematically and consistently focus on both ontological and cosmological arguments that are not self-contradictory and address the underlying issue of reconciling the Islamic faith with philosophy. â€Å"Before Avicenna, falsafa (Arabic Aristotelian and Neoplatonic philosophy) and kalam (Islamic doctrinal theology) were distinct strands of thought, even though a good deal of cross-fertilization took place between them. After Avicenna, by contrast, the two strands fused together and post-Avicennan kalam emerged as a truly Islamic philosophy, a synthesis of Avicenna’s metaphysics and Muslim doctrine. † This is the primary reason for his lasting prestige; his ideas in the Book of Healing concentrated not on medicine, but on the healing of the soul and body, and held two key fundamental ideas; the distinction between essence and existence, and God as the necessary existent, a doctrine that has previously not been merged successfully. The doctrine of a ‘thing’ (shay’) proved difficult to define for the Mu’tazilis, as although they differentiated that a ‘thing’ can either be existent or non-existent; they struggled to define where the non-existent entities lay. Using the Qur’anic verse of creation: â€Å"our statement to a thing, when we wish it [to be], consist merely in our saying â€Å"Be! † and then it is. † (The Holy Qur’an 16:40), we can identify that something can exist in mentality before it exists in actuality; God thought of a ‘thing’ then willed it into being by saying â€Å"be! and it was. This shows that the idea of the ‘thing’ existed before its reality, meaning that the Mu’tazilis were able to conceive of the ‘thingness’ of contingent entities, and their universality (of thingness) can either exist in reality or in mentality. They could not address the idea of non-existent things, (maâ⠂¬â„¢dum) such as a square circle, as their impossibility cannot even exist in the mind. This idea opposes the Sunni theological perspective, where they hold that ‘thingness’ and existence are one and the same. They hold the idea of co-extensiveness (where all things are existents, and all existents are things) as they believe that this idea solves the problem of creatio ex nihilo; they did not want to give any flexibility to the idea that things existed before creation, or held eternality alongside God. They held that a ‘thing’ was the sum of all its predicates, one of which was existence; a thing could not be without it existing. However, this poses problems for the existence of things that can only occur in the mind, for example, a unicorn. There is a split in Sunni philosophy where some believe that a thing can either be considered as extra-mentally existent, (and so exist just as much as they would in actuality) or some believe a thing that only exists in the mind simply does not exist whatsoever. This is problematic, as we can all conceive of a unicorn, despite its non-reality, (therefore it cannot simply not exist at all), yet we cannot think of a unicorn existing in the mind on the same level as our own existence. Ibn Sina draws upon al-Farabi’s identification that ‘thing’ and ‘existence’ cannot be used as the same copula; you cannot ubstitute ‘thing’ for ‘exists’ in a sentence in a way that can make sense; for example, one can easily identify that the statement ‘Zayd exists as a man’ to be appropriate, but one cannot say ‘Zayd thing as a man’, as it is nonsensical. Therefore, Ibn Sina concludes that there is a distinction between ‘thing’ and ‘existence’, and also makes the distinction between existents and non-existents. For Avicenna, â€Å"there are four kinds of scientific questions. 1) One is a question about the ‘existence’ or ‘non-existence’ of things. 2) Another is about the ‘whatness’ of things. 3) And another is about the ‘whichness or ‘thatness’ of things. ) Also, there is the question about the ‘cause’ of things. † His distinction between essence and existence not only addresses the problem of the Sunni theologians, but, in his mind, satisfies what a ‘thing’ is, and that its ‘existence’ is not a predicate of thingness, and this argument can prove the existence of God as necessary. For Ibn Sina, existence adds to an essence specific determination external to the essence of a thing; existence adds to essence, an essence can be without existing, for example, the demonstrati on of the unicorn; its essence is separate from its existence as we can conceive of it without its actuality. You read "Ibn Sina/Avicenna" in category "Essay examples" He further explains this with categorising the necessary (wajib) and the possible/contingent (mumkir). Avicenna makes three distinctions: concrete existent, a mental existent and that which is neither of these two. A concrete existent is that which adds existence to its essence: that is to say that it, as an essence, also has existence. A mental existent is that which has essence, but not existence (such as a unicorn – it has essence because we can think of it). That which is neither is that which is logically impossible to exist even in the mind, such as a square circle; as it is impossible to conceive of such a thing, this does not even have essence. This solves the problem faced by Sunni philosophers, as it highlights the difference between mental essences without existence and concrete essences with existence. Avicenna continues to demonstrate three further aspects of essences: necessary, possible or impossible. Those that are impossible are those that it is illogical to think about, such as square circles, and as we have already shown, these do not have essence OR existence. That which is necessary is so because it’s very essence implies existence; its denial would involve a contradiction, (which we will further explain later). The possible is that which has essence that has potential to exist; it can either exist, or not exist. This is what contingent beings are categorised as; they have the potentiality to exist, through the cause of another; it cannot exist through itself, as otherwise it would be necessary, and it cannot not exist, as otherwise it would be impossible. Once actualised (through another), concrete existence is added to the essence. Avicenna would argue that mental essences are not concrete existents because they have not been brought into existence by another, so remain as potential essences that could exist, but do not in actuality. So far then, it has been demonstrated that Ibn Sina made the distinction of essences between that which cannot exist, that what can exist if brought into being by another, and that which exists through its own definition of its essence. When a possible essence is actualised through another, and becomes a concrete existent, it becomes ‘necessary through another’ – it must be caused by a cause external to itself. This in turn, must also be caused by another previous external cause, and so on. However, these causes cannot continue ad infinitum- there must be an external cause that itself is not caused by any other being external to itself, that is to say, that the cause is contained within itself, what Avicenna calls necessary through itself. There cannot be an infinite regress of causes, but must be one cause that can sustain and contain all possible causes, but itself need not be caused, as its essence itself contains existence, the Necessary Existent; God. So then, we have tackled the question previously posed of the existence or non-existence of things, what they are (possible/necessary), and the ‘thatness’ (whether it is necessary through another or itself) – in turn answering the fourth question set out by Ibn Sina of the cause of things. Proof of God’s existence from this argument stems from the cosmological argument; an idea from Aristotle that there must be a First Cause in order to bring about the causes that cause others. However, Ibn Sina improves this argument by recognising that what something is differs from the fact that it is. â€Å"Ibn Sina’s way of making his point is to say that esse [fact of a things existence] is an accidental property of things – that is a quality it may or may not possess, without changing what it is†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Previously, philosophers such as Aristotle had only considered the nature of things, rather than setting them apart from their physical realisation. The distinction Avicenna makes between physical and mental existence is one that Aristotle had trouble in combatting. The most important text of this kind is Avicenna’s al-Shifa? ’ (The Healing, namely from ignorance). The title was wrongly (but aptly) translated into Latin as Sufficientia, as if Avicenna’s single comprehensive work was a sufficient replacement for the several books of Aristotle† This distinction was so important that every philosopher after Ibn Sina had to respond; the question was now apparent that there must be primacy of either essence or existence, as he had distinguished that they were not one and the same. Debate has followed Ibn Sina’s argument, that has mainly taken two paths; Suhrawardi decides that essence is prior to existence, whereas Ibn Arabi believes that only existence is real and essences are how existence presents itself to us. Thus, it has been demonstrated that Ibn Sina was successful in using an argument from reason that signifies God as the one creator, First to cause others, from which we could not possibly exist if it were not for His necessary existence through Himself. This was so profound for his time, as it had only been remarked that there previously lay a difference between the necessary and possible. Avicenna’s distinction between ‘through itself’ and ‘through another’ led to the reconciliation of Islamic thought and philosophical reason; there lies no contradiction between our own existence as concrete and God’s existence as wholly other, beyond our conception of contingent. This argument was so influential on both later thinkers due to his ability to draw upon early philosophical ideas and his faith brought together Aristotelian and neo-Platonic philosophy and Islamic theology in a way that made the distinction between theoretical and practical knowledge; logically acknowledging that the first cause as a necessary existent can only be a monotheistic God, as all predicates, including that of existence are perfectly contained within the very definition of His essence. This theory is reconcilable with Islamic thought as it signals disenchantment with neo-Platonic thought, developing a more personal philosophy that argues for our own necessary existence (through another), whilst still acknowledging that God is unattainably necessary through Himself. â€Å"[Ibn Sina] envisaged a world resting on two pillars: a) Greek philosophy and b) Qu’ranic revelation and the virtues of man†¦Ibn Sina was a highly spiritual and ethical person, considering that, for him, teaching and learning should lead also to rooting in faith deeply in the soul of the individual. This meant that each individual had meaning for their own life, which they could relate back to God, personally having their own cause rooted in the Divine Necessary Existent. Bibliography * Avicenna ; Farhang Zabeeh, ( Ed. Trans. ) Avicenna’s Treatise on Logic: Part One of Danesh-Name Alai (a Concise Philosophical Encyclopaedia and autobiography) (Martinus Nijoff, the Hague, 1971) * Charles Burnett, â€Å"Arabic into Latin: the reception of Arabic philosophy into Western Europe† in The Cambridge Companion to Arabic philosophy, ed. Peter Adamson and Richard C Taylor (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005) * F. C. Bauerschmidt, Holy Teaching: Introducing the Summa Theologiae of St. Thomas Aquinas (Michigan, Brazos Press, 2005) * Robert Wisnovsky, â€Å"Avicenna and the Avicennan Tradition† in The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy, ed. Peter Adamson and Richard C Taylor (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005) * Sebastian Gunther, â€Å"Be Masters in That You Teach and Continue to Learn: Medieval Muslim Thinkers on Educational theory† in Comparative Education Review, Vol. 0, No. 3, (August 2006) Article DOI: 10. 1086/503881 Web Resources: * Encyclop? dia Britannica Online, s. v. â€Å"Avicenna,† accessed December 11, 2011, http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/45755/Avicenna * http://quran. com/ accessed 15/12/11 ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Encyclop? dia Britannica Onlin e, s. v. â€Å"Avicenna,† accessed December 11, 2011, http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/45755/Avicenna. [ 2 ]. Robert Wisnovsky, â€Å"Avicenna and the Avicennan Tradition† in The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy, ed. Peter Adamson and Richard C Taylor (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005) p. 92 [ 3 ]. The Holy Qur’an 16:40 as cited from http://quran. com/16/40 (Sahih International Translation) accessed on 15/12/11 [ 4 ]. Robert Wisnovsky, â€Å"Avicenna and the Avicennan Tradition† in The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy pp. 106-107 [ 5 ]. Avicenna Farhang Zabeeh (Ed. Trans. ) Avicenna’s Treatise on Logic Part One of Danesh-Name Alai (a Concise PhilosophicalEncyclopaedia and autobiography) (Martinus Nijoff, the Hague, 1971) p. 5 [ 6 ]. F. C. Bauerschmidt, Holy Teaching: Introducing the Summa Theologiae of St. Thomas Aquinas (Michigan, Brazos Press, 2005) p. 57 [ 7 ]. Charles Burnett, â€Å"Arabic into Latin: the reception of Arabic philosophy into Western Europe† in The Cambridge Companion to Arabic philosophy, p. 371 [ 8 ]. Sebastian Gunther, â€Å"Be Masters in That You Teach and Continue to Learn: Medieval Muslim Thinkers on Educational theory† in Comparative Education Review, Vol. 50, No. 3, (August 2006) pp. 376 – 377 Article DOI: 10. 1086/503881 How to cite Ibn Sina/Avicenna, Essay examples

Factors Affecting the Stock Market for Currency- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theFactors Affecting the Stock Market for Currency. Answer: First-time investors in the stock markets should consider familiarizing themselves with the sector to avoid falling victims of the related risks. They have to research in the field extensively and maximize the opportunities to heighten their profits. The stock markets are often competitive, and thus one needs to apply different and more distinguished techniques to survive (Demirer, 2013, pg.82). There are some broad economic factors that are known to impact the stock markets. These factors can either be intrinsic or extrinsic. This paper will majorly deal with the extrinsic factors. They include inflation/deflation expectations, monetary and fiscal policy, demographic trends, economic growth rates, interest rates, supply and demand and taxes (Sardasht, 2014, pg.130). These factors act as the fuel which steers the development of stock markets. The stated factors may either impact the stock markets positively (increased profits), negatively (decreased profits) or even in both extremes. This paper will provide a framework of what the factors are and how they affect the stock markets. Inflation/Deflation Expectations Inflation refers to the rise in the price of commodities in relation to the currency. It lowers the buying power of a unit currency. This implies that the consumers will be compelled into buying lesser goods thus declining the expected profits. This has a negative effect on the economy and calls for a quick action to attain a steady state (Pimentel, 2014, pg.75). High inflation at times stimulates job growth. However, it can as well hinder the companies from hiring more personnel due to the low profits realized. This negatively affects the living standard majorly of the people with fixed income. Analyzing the past trends of inflation can provide relevant insights to the first-time investors in the stock markets. However, this may not provide sufficient grounds for decision-making since such studies may give contradicting findings (Marcet, 2017,pg.33). Inflations can either have negative or positive implications on the stock markets. This greatly relies on the central banks ability to control the monetary policy. The investors are left with the responsibility to gauge the impact of both expected and unexpected inflations on stock returns. Deflation refers to a state of reduced currency which consequently transpires to a higher buying power. In incidents of deflation, the value of a unit currency is considerably higher, and thus a unit currency may purchase a higher amount of goods. Precisely, deflation is the inversed form of inflation. It causes economic stagnation as well as high rates of unemployment (Li, 2010, pg.249). Deflation is caused by the fall in demand of items possibly due to increased supply or a decreased supply of the currency. Though a rare phenomenon, deflation has been historically proven to help consumers in terms of affordability of goods. Contrary, past research show that it has unfavorable effects on stock markets. In the minimal cases of deflation which have occurred, stock market values deteriorated (Pimentel, 2014, pg.80). Ideally, consumers fear to invest in depreciating commodities as things are expected to be cheaper in future (Toraman, 2016, pg.6). This delays the purchases in the stock markets as consumers anticipate low return rates. The need for lending by investors and companies is usually lowered in a deflationary economy. Deflation results in a decline in the stock markets, an incline of government bonds and a sloping of the cooperate bonds. Monetary Policy The monetary policy entails the strategies put in place by the countrys central bank in relation to the money circulating in the economy and its worth (Kurov, 2016, p.1212). This is done to control inflation and interest rates as they have a direct impact on economic growth. First-time investors should have some basic knowledge on this policy as it can have a significant influence on the portfolios and net worth. The policy can be described as restrictive, accommodative or neutral (Kurov, 2016, p.1216). In the incidences of a fast growing economy, the central bank may take steps to bring back the economy to normalcy by restrictive measures (tight monetary policy). Contrary, when inflation is significantly lower, the central bank is charged with the responsibility to acquire the accommodative policy to facilitate economic growth. The effects of the monetary policy to investments can be described as either direct or indirect. The direct impact is evident in cases of the level and the direction of interest rates (Stoica, 2012, p.10). The indirect impact, on the other hand, is realized through predictions about where the inflation is headed to. Demographic Trends Demographic changes in any typical country have major implications for investment risks and returns. The first time investors interested in investing in the stock markets should carry out adequate analysis on the financial markets to provide them with the insights of the possible profits and risks. Some trends in the population change are known to have negative consequential outcomes in the financial markets (Yau, 2012, p.158). A blend of the always declining birth rates and the ever-increasing number of pensioners poses a great threat to wealth creation. This rate threatens the certainty of the first-time investors in the stock markets. To maximize on the prevailing circumstances, it is highly necessary to consider the rapidly aging population in the construction of a portfolio. Recent statistics imply that there might be unfavorable economic fluctuations due to the high rate of aging and the low birth rates. By 2030, the number of people aged 65 and above may increase by approximately 8.6% compared to their number in 2003 (Yau, 2012, p.156). The declining number of the younger population will consequently translate into a low buying power. Ideally, the younger generations have a tendency to spend more than they save. This will lower the demand for all kinds of investments. Apart from the challenges brought about by the aging population, it is also notable that the investment and consumer behavior may also be affected by the questionable rates of immigration. Though most of the western countries have substantial immigration flows, countries with lower immigration rates may have much to fear. First-time investors in the financial market need to have in mind the possible challenges posed by immigration (Marcet, 2017, p.35). It would be wise to invest in more stabilized countries to avoid risks. However much does the demographic trends create risks, it should also be noted that they are as well associated with opportunities. Investors may opt to maximize on emerging market economies. Economic Growth Rates The economic conditions of any state are reflected in the stock markets. A rapid growth of the economy often translates to increased return rates and profits in the stock markets (Narayan, 2013, p.599). These profits draw more recognition by the public as they can earn greater dividends by being shareholders in such companies. The economy of a country is directly proportional to the rate of profits in the stock markets. If the economic activities of a country are reduced then, the stock markets will fall. The recession of the economic activities translates to decreased profits, fewer dividends and the firms become insolvent which may not be encouraging to the shareholders. However, the stock markets can as well rise in a recession. This can be caused by factors such as anticipation effects, ultra-low interest rates, and profits as a share of Gross Development Product (GDP) (Narayan, 2013, p.597). References Demirer, R. (2013). Can advanced markets help diversify risks in frontier stock markets? Evidence from Gulf Arab stock markets. Research in International Business and Finance, 29 (7), 77-98. Kurov, A. (2016). Monetary Policy and Stock Prices: Does the Fed Put Work When It Is Most Needed? Journal of Futures Markets, 16 (12), 1210-1230. Li, X.-M. (2010). The tail risk of emerging stock markets. The tail risk of emerging stock markets, 10 (4), 242-256. Marcet, F. (2017). Analyst coverage network and stock return comovement in emerging markets. Emerging Markets Review, 13 (1), 32-67. Narayan, P. K. (2013). Has the structural break slowed down growth rates of stock markets? Economic Modelling, 30 (4), 595-601. Pimentel, R. C. (2014). StocReturns Under High Inflation and Interest Rates: Evidence from the Brazilian Market. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 50 (1), 71-92. Sardasht, M. S. (2014). An empirical study of factors affecting investors decisions in the Iranian Stock Market: A combined DEMATEL-ANP approach. Aestimatio , 9 (2014), 112-149. Stoica, O. (2012). Monetary Policy and Stock Markets: Evidence from EU Countries. Communications of the IBIMA, 3 (4), 1-11. Toraman, C. (2016). Volatility Spillover Effect from Conventional Stock Markets to Islamic Stock Markets. International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences, 5 (4), 4-9. Yau, J. K. (2012). Demographic Trends, the Dividend-Price Ratio, and the Predictability of Long-Run Stock Market Returns. CFA Digest, 42 (3), 156-158.

Porter Five Force Model free essay sample

In the quarter that ended in September 2012 the pharmaceutical companies in India performed well in the US markets and this is expected to help them do well in the days ahead too. The local market is set to see some exclusive product introductions and is itself expected to record a decent level of growth. India Pharmaceutical Industry Information At present there are almost 24 thousand companies in this industry with almost 330 companies in the organized sector. The top 10 companies hold almost 33. 33 percent of the market. In 2012, the industry saw a year-on-year growth of almost 16 percent and is presently worth around 10 percent of the global industry in terms of volume and 1. 4 percent with regards to worth. Exports provide a substantial amount of the revenue generated by the Indian companies. While certain companies are focusing on markets that are not fully regulated as well as the generic markets across Europe and the US, others are looking to operate as custom manufacturers for innovators. We will write a custom essay sample on Porter Five Force Model or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Bio-pharmaceutical markets have lesser competition and the manufacturing process is rather complex. This is letting a number of companies focus in that area. The 5 leading companies in this sector spend approximately 5 to 10 percent of their earnings in research and development related activities. However, in global circles this percentage is near 15 to 20 percent. Indian companies have been taking various steps for their Ramp;D operations like associating with innovators. Some other companies have changed their molecule license structure for making their milestone payments. Some organizations are also preferring to make their research and development units into separate entities. However, with an overall decrease in research companies are now venturing into generics. In such a scenario the innovation-centric companies are purchasing such pharma houses or partnering with them. The supply in the Indian market is high when it comes to the therapeutic medicines and this is typical for a market that is growing. The case is different for lifestyle drugs. The demand is rather high in certain therapy related segments. However, this is expected to change once the literacy and life expectancy levels increase. Future growth of Indian Pharmaceutical Sector Compared to the similar quarter in 2011-12 the sector is expected to see a revenue growth ranging between 20 and 25 percent. The reduction in the value of the Indian currency is also expected to help the exports. However, the extent of benefit will depend on the level of exposure for each company to hedging. It is expected that Ranbaxy will be making profits of at least 40 percent thanks to the sale of Lipitor’s generic version. Lipitor is the biggest seller among drugs in the world. It is also supposed to introduce Actos, a diabetes drug valued at 3 billion dollars. Sun Pharma has performed well in both India and the US and this is supposed to help its future performance. The USFDA has lifted the ban on Caraco, its supplementary company, and this will help its revenues from the US. In July and August 2012, the Indian pharmaceutical market has grown by 15 to 16 percent. The segment for acute therapies has grown slowly because of the deferred monsoon. This is also likely to make sure that majority of these companies grow slowly in 2012. Barclays Equity Research expects that in the quarter starting after September 2012 the Indian pharmaceutical companies will show an all round performance. Companies like Sun Pharma, Dr. Reddy’s Labs, Glenmark, and Lupin are supposed to perform better than the rest. Angel Broking is expecting that the pharma companies listed in the Sensex will have a commendable growth rate of 23 percent in their sales compared on a year-on-year basis. In case of earnings the year-on-year growth has been estimated at 24 percent. The large cap companies are expected to win the race against the others. ICICI Securities opines that companies that have incurred debts outside India could be in a good position thanks to the present situation involving the Indian National Rupee (INR). It is expected that entities expecting forex losses will see a reversal in their fortunes. One of the likely beneficiaries in this case is Ranbaxy. Pricing issues in Indian Pharma Industry However, there is a fair amount of uncertainty regarding the policy of determining the prices of the drugs. This is expected to be a problem for the industry in the near future. There are three levels of regulations when it comes to the drug price control order (DPCO). It is imposed on areas like bulk drugs, greater profitability, and the drug formulae. This means that the profits of the companies will depend on the decisions taken by the authorities. The government has recently brought out a National list of essential medicines (NLEM) which has 354 drugs that are likely to be subjected to DPCO. This ruling has faced high opposition from the industry members. Challenges faced by Indian pharmaceutical industry The major barriers to entry in this market may be enumerated as below: * Licensing Patents * Distribution network * Consent for plant from regulatory authorities In India the distributors are presently seen to prefer the generic products in order to increase their profit margins. The buyers in India have a lot of bargaining power because of the divided nature of the industry, which ensures that there is a lot of competition in every segment. India pharm aceutical Industry Financial Performance The multinational companies performed well during 2011-12 and out of the 25 top performers 13 were such entities. However, from an overall perspective, the margins were not so good. Majority of the companies saw greater expenses for employees and raw materials. The companies, though, continued to increase their presence to the rural areas and add to their MR strength. India Pharmaceutical Industry Scope It is expected that with the present emphasis on product patents, fresh products will soon come into being. The local companies are expected to face stiff competition from their international counterparts who are supposed to be more positive and direct with their product launches. However, price negotiation will also be an important issue for these companies. It is expected that lifestyle drugs such as the following will be attractive propositions in the future: * Cardiovascular * Anti depressants * Anti diabetes * Anti cancer * Hypertension * Asthma * Congestive heart failures These segments will also see high growth owing to lifestyle alterations expected in the future due to changed patterns and city lifestyles. Contract manufacturing and research or CRAMS is expected to be a major force in the future. Following are India’s major areas of strength in this domain: * English speaking skills Lots of patients with various types of diseases * Capable scientists and doctors at comparatively lesser expense * Observance of global quality regulations With regards to contract manufacturing of drugs it is preferable for both top generic and innovator companies. This is expected to get bigger in the days ahead with more pressure on companies to reduce their expenses. The McKinsey Report states that the market will be worth $55 billion by 20 20 but its capacity, till that time period, has been estimated at $70 billion. Government support for Indian Pharma Industry The Indian government has been fairly supportive of the national pharmaceutical industry since its inception. During 1986 it set up the Department of Biotechnology that was monitored by the Ministry of Science and Technology. From that period, the central governments as well as the states have been offering several special considerations for this industry so that it could grow properly. Some of them may be mentioned as below: * Tax benefits * Exemption from VAT and related fees in several states * Grants for startups focusing on biotech * Fiscal help with subsidies and patents Assistance for companies looking to expand or set up biotech parks in India * Monetary help for utilities, investment, land and more areas * Permission to test on bigger animals – granted as per Prime Minister’s initiatives for this sector Top Pharmaceutical Companies in India Ranbaxy Laboratories  : Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited became a public entity in 1973 after being incorporated during 1961. It is the largest pharmaceutical company in India. In 2011-12 it earned $2. 1 billion around the world and its major market is North America. Following are its top products: * Valacyclovir Ciprofloxacin and its combinations * Simvastatin * Ketorolac Tromethamine * Donepezil * Imipenem+Cilastatin * Atorvastatin and its combinations * Ginseng+Vitamins * Co-amoxyclav and its combinations * Loratadine and its combinations Cipla Cipla was established during 1935 and its headquarters are at Mumbai. It has 20,000 employees and its revenue is $1. 4 billion. It is among the biggest generic companies in the world and has more than 20,000 products, 40 dosage form s, and 65 therapy categories. Its products can be classed into three main categories: * API * Veterinary * Formulations Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Dr. Reddy’s started as a laboratory during 1984 as a maker of APIs. At present the company is worth at least $200 million and has more than 2700 employees and 3000 salesmen. Its products may be classified into the following: * Global generics * Differentiated formulations * APIs * Biosimilars * CPS * CPSIA * New chemical entities Lupin Lupin is based in Mumbai and is presently worth $1. 4 billion. The company’s EBITDA is 20 percent and going further up. Since 2005 it has been able increase its market capitalization 11 times and also increased its global presence. It is also one of the 25 top pharmaceutical companies of the world. Its products and services may be categorized as below: * Branded formulations * Advanced drug delivery systems * Generics * Novel drug discovery and development * APIs * Biotechnology Aurobindo Pharma PV Ramaprasad Reddy, along with some dedicated medical professionals, and K Nityananda Reddy set up Aurobindo Pharma during 1986. At present the organization is one of the top 10 Indian companies when it comes to consolidated revenues. It also exports its products in 125 countries and gets 70% of its revenues from these operations. Its products may be classed into the following: * Formulations * Peptides * API Sun Pharmaceutical Sun Pharmaceutical is a global specialty pharmaceutical company and operates in 43 markets with significant presence in India and the US. The company commenced operations during 1983. It is the 5th biggest of its kind in India in terms of prescription sales. It specializes in API and Formulation drugs. Cadila Pharmaceuticals Cadila is based at Ahmedabad and is one of the largest privately owned pharma companies. The company operates in at least 90 countries and 45 product segments.

Analytical Essay Sample on Internet Censorship Key Concerns

Analytical Essay Sample on Internet Censorship Key Concerns Nowadays, Internet is commonly regarded as the most widely used source and the fastest way to exchange information and knowledge all over the world. However, the freedom and democracy on Internet, being one of its greatest beauties and drawing features, is apparently abused by the population online. Pornography and hate literature are commonly used to lure Internet surfers attention and to generate profits. Representing the rights of the public and the power of a country while owning and operating the Internet, the government has the absolute responsibility to censor the internet so as to protect its own citizens from harmful and false information, thus in order to prevent any possible decay of social and moral values, though the extent of Internet censorship should be carefully measured to ensure the freedom of speaking of people. Since the invention of ARPANET in 1962 by the Department of Defenses Advanced Research Project Agency in United States, Internet has developed tremendously during the past half century with the improvement in modern technology with government sponsoring the researching program. It had formerly been made only for military and research purposes, where in 1974, the general public gets its first vague hint of how networked computers can be used in daily life as the commercial version of the ARPANET goes online. Hence it is quite obvious that without the financial investment and political support from the government, Internet, being such a new technological invention at that time would never achieve as great a success as what it has achieved by today; it is apparently wrong to say governments did not build neither did they own the Internet. As a result, being counted as partially a property of the government, Internet should absolutely under governments control. Besides to exchange information and knowledge and to facilitate communication, the most important role of Internet is to enrich people intellectually. This requires a clean and abundant source of information on the cyberspace that is provided to the public; it should be apparently free of indecency and obscenity that may cause any social problems, which eventually attributes to the decay of moral values. Human beings live in communities where easy access to indecency stimulates many people to adopt these lower moral values, as seemingly it is quite normal and perfectly okay to do so; the idea of Everybody does so and Everybody says so exerts a detrimental influence on peopleÐ ±Ã ¿s minds and that is what people are libeled to believe when the exposure to indecency becomes so common. What draws even more concerns of ours is of the children. We all know that children can easily be scarred and manipulated by all kinds of information. Parents can have some control over which books their children read as they can easily tell what the books are about; they do not have worry that their children will turn a page and be confronted with obscenities or other forms of indecency. While with the Internet, there is a whole different scenario. Anyone can flick a page and be presented with porn, denigration, discrimination, fraud and misinformation. As parenting is not only about chaining a child to a parental censor but about creating a safe environment for children to grow up in at the same time, an uncensored Internet is apparently not a safe environment for children. Due to the above reasons, it is my opinion that the flow of information should be filtered from anything that contradicts any of the abovementioned reasonable purposes. This includes filtering indecent expressions and obscene materials from access to the Internet. As a result, only the government has the power to take such actions so as to ensure the Internet is not over polluted by indecent garbage. However, it is very difficult to take modest steps in this sensitive issue of Internet censorship. Some people may say that certain information on the net, which might be viewed as obscene or indecent, are actually useful and helpful to people who are mature enough. This includes those obtained from adult sites. Though young people are not ready to get access to such information that may lead to their moral decay, mature adults certainly do not encounter the same problem. However they may be banned from acquire what they need from the net due to the possible existence of government censorship. Moreover, as community standards vary from community to community, it is not possible to find a guideline for the decisions of what is acceptable to be made upon; neither is it easy to be implemented. Furthermore, nobody is able to take full responsibility on such issues. Some people may argue that teaching children to deal with indecencies may shield them better and prepare them for the real world. And that the rights of free speak should never be violated. Yet that does not mean that we can do nothing about the existing and possibly occurring problems on net; government censorship is still necessary at this point of time and may have to go on for a certain period of time. In order to make sure desirable results can be seen, what seems to be necessary is the corporation and communication between the government and Internet surfers. General guidelines of censorship can be discussed and decided with efforts of both parties to reach a compromise. Feedback sites and forums can be set up to serve such purposes online. Eventually, the issue of Internet censorship is always controversial as the interests and concerns of different persons can never be the same as others; it can only be eased with internet surfers carrying out their social responsibilities. I think for government to step into the problem currently and help censor the accessibility of certain websites containing things such as adult materials is a modest measurement of control over Internet.

The Diet of Worms 1521, Luther and the Emperor

The Diet of Worms 1521, Luther and the Emperor When Martin Luther fell into disagreement with the Catholic hierarchy in 1517, he wasn’t simply arrested and carted to a stake (as some views of the medieval period might make you believe). There was plenty of theological discussion which soon turned into temporal, political and cultural considerations. One key part of this disagreement, which would become the Reformation and see the western church permanently split, came at the Diet of Worms in 1521. Here, an argument over theology (which still could have resulted in someone’s death), was fully turned into a secular conflict over laws, rights and political power, a vast pan-European milestone in how government and society worked, as well as how the church prayed and worshipped. What’s a Diet? Diet is a Latin term, and you might be more familiar with a different language: Reichstag. The Diet of the Holy Roman Empire was a legislature, a proto-parliament, which had limited powers but which met frequently and did affect law in the empire. When we refer to the Diet of Worms, we don’t mean a Diet that met uniquely in the city of Worms in 1521, but a system of government which was established and which, in 1521, turned its eye to the conflict Luther had begun. Luther Lights the Fire In 1517 many people were unhappy with the way the Latin Christian Church was run in Europe, and one of those was a lecturer and theologian called Martin Luther. Whereas other opponents of the church had made grand claims and rebellions, in 1517 Luther drew up a list of points for discussion, his 95 Theses, and sent them to friends and key figures. Luther wasn’t trying to break the church or start a war, which was what would happen. He was reacting to Dominican friar called Johann Tetzel selling indulgences, meaning someone could pay to have their sins forgiven. The key figures Luther sent his theses too included the Archbishop of Mainz, who Luther asked to stop Tetzel. He might also have nailed them up in public.Luther wanted an academic discussion and he wanted Tetzel stopped. What he got was a revolution. The theses proved popular enough for them to be spread around Germany and beyond by interested and / or angered thinkers, some of whom supported Luther and convinced him to write more in support of them. Some were unhappy, like Archbishop Albert of Mainz, who asked if the papacy would decide if Luther was in the wrong†¦The war of words began, and Luther battled by developing his ideas into a brave new theology at odds with the past, what would be Protestantism. Luther is Defended by Secular Power By mid 1518 the Papacy had summoned Luther to Rome to question him, and probably punish him, and this is where things began to get complex. Elector Frederick III of Saxony, a man who helped choose the Holy Roman Emperor and a figure of great power, felt he had to defend Luther, not because of any agreement with the theology, but because he was a prince, Luther was his subject, and the Pope was claiming clashing powers. Frederick arranged for Luther to avoid Rome, and instead go to the Diet meeting in Augsburg. The papacy, not normally one to concede to secular figures, needed Frederick’s support in picking the next emperor and in helping a military expedition against the Ottomans, and agreed. At Augsburg, Luther was interrogated by Cardinal Cajetan, a Dominican and a clever and well-read supporter of the church.   Luther and Cajetan argued, and after three days Cajetan issued an ultimatum; Luther returned quickly to his home of Wittenberg, because Cajetan had been sent by th e Pope with orders to arrest the trouble maker if necessary. The Papacy weren’t giving an inch, and in November 1518 issued a bull clarifying the rules on indulgences and saying Luther was wrong. Luther agreed to stop it. Luther is Pulled Back The debate was about far more than Luther now, and theologians carried on his arguments, until Luther just had to return and he ended up taking part in a public debate in June 1519 with Andreas Carlstadt against Johann Eck. Driven by Eck’s conclusions, and after several committees analysing Luther’s writings, the Papacy decided to declare Luther heretical and excommunicate him over 41 sentences. Luther has sixty days to recant; instead he wrote more and burned the bull.Normally the secular authorities would arrest and execute Luther. But the timing was perfect for something else to happen, as the new Emperor, Charles V, had pledged all his subjects should have proper legal hearings, while the papal documents were far from ordered and water tight, including blaming Luther for someone else’s writing. As such, it was proposed Luther should appear before the Diet of Works. The Papal representatives were aghast at this challenge to their power, Charles V tended to agr ee, but the situation in Germany meant Charles dare not upset the men of the Diet, who were adamant they should play their role, or the peasants. Luther was saved from immediate death by a struggle over secular power, and Luther was asked to appear in 1521. The Diet of Worms 1521 Luther made his first appearance on April 17th 1521. Having been asked to accept that the books he’d been accused of writing were his (which he did so), he was asked to reject their conclusions. He asked for time to think, and the next day conceded only that his writing might have used wrong words, saying that the subject and the conclusions were genuine and he stuck by them. Luther now discussed the situation with Frederick, and with a man working for the Emperor, but no one could make him recant over even one of the 41 statements the Papacy condemned him for.Luther left on April 26th, with the Diet still afraid condemning Luther would cause a rebellion. However, Charles signed an edict against Luther when he had gathered some support from those who remained, declared Luther and his supporters illegal, and ordered the writings burned. But Charles had calculated wrongly. The leaders of the empire who hadn’t been at the Diet, or who had already left, argued the edict did n’t have their support. Luther is Kidnapped. Sort of. As Luther fled back home, he was fake-kidnapped. He was actually taken to safety by troops working for Frederick, and he hid in Wartburg Castle for many months converting the New Testament into German. When he came out of hiding it was into a Germany where the Edict of Worms had failed, where many secular rulers acknowledged the support of Luther and his descendants were too strong to crush. Consequences of the Diet of Worms The Diet and the Edict had transformed the crisis from a theological, religious dispute into a political, legal and cultural one. Now it was princes and lords arguing over their rights as much as the finer points of church law. Luther would need to argue for many more years, his followers would divide the continent, and Charles V would retire exhausted by the world, but Worms ensured that the conflict was multi-dimensional, vastly harder to solve.   Luther was a hero to everyone who opposed the emperor, religious or not. Soon after Worms, the peasants would rebel in the German Peasant’s War, the conflict the princes had been keen to avoid, and these rebels would see Luther as a champion, on their side. Germany itself would divide into Lutheran and Catholic provinces, and later in the history of the Reformation Germany would be torn apart by the multi-faceted Thirty Years War, where secular issues would be no less important in complicating what was happening. In one sense Wor ms was a failure, as the Edict failed to stop the church dividing, in others it was a great success that has been said to have led to the modern world.

Issues in Contemporary Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Issues in Contemporary Business - Essay Example The way change is implemented and managed in an organization, such practice is known as organization change management.† (McNamara, n.d.) 1.3 Explanation Turner (2011) has explained that organizational change is generally referred to as that transformation through which a company goes as result of change in management, restructure, strategic orientation, development of new goals, merger of acquisition etc. Challenges which result from the events of organizational change have a ripple effect on the whole organization. According to Turner (2011), this happens because business units are completely integrated and therefore a change in one unit has a domino effect on the other units. Effectively managing this procedure is an art upon which a lot of consideration and expertise is provided so as to make it a new area of expertise known as Change Management. The process of change management is evolving due to changes in the preferences of customers, business landscapes, improved proces s and technologies etc. (Organizational Changes, n.d.) 1.4 Factors driving Changes and Innovations in Organizations Some primary drivers behind the process of organizational change include: Inadequate Financial Performance According to Soosay (2005), those companies which do not get able to meet their benchmarks of financial positions are compelled to examine their business processes and objectives. This is the major driver behind the organizational change. If a new competitor enters into the same industry having advanced technology or cheaper labor, companies those were formally ruling the market and enjoying prosperity can find that their market share is cannibalizing. A failure to maintain its position as a major competitor stresses the company to rethink and reformulate the resource disposition and opportunity cost of capital. (Soosay, 2005) Product Life Cycle Mecca (2004) state that when life cycle of a product comes to an end, companies are compelled to cut down the operating cost of production or prepare in order to get exit from the market. At this stage, many companies prefer in getting merged or acquired by larger companies. This leads to structural changes in which a company can either refocus on new business opportunities or maintain its profitability. Strategic Objectives Lloyd (1998) states that if a company prefers to change its strategic objectives then it also leads to change in entire organization for instance if a company plans to shift its focus from customer oriented to product oriented, then new business procedures and processes will be required to assist this re-orientation. This type of change can result in firing redundant staff and enhancing production process. Mergers and Acquisitions According to Govindarajan (2011), significant re-engineering and cost cutting is required when firms plan to consolidate its operations or getting merged with some other company. Significant challenges are developed when the companies integrate. These c hallenges force to streamline the operation of both the companies. (Govindarajan, 2011) New Technology Lloyd (1998) further states that significant driver of organization change can be the adoption of new technology. Consider an example of internet

Mechanical orientation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mechanical orientation - Essay Example III (2009), he averred that â€Å"according to HomeDoctor.net, a roofing nail has a diamond-shaped sharp tip to help it nail through decking without splitting it. That is why it is important to use roofing nails when doing a roofing job. Roofing nails are made of galvanized steel to protect them from the elements. When installing roofing nails always make sure the nail is flush to the shingle. A countersunk nail will rip the shingle, and a nail that is not completely nailed down will eventually work its way out† (par. 6). There are different lengths of nails to use depending on the roofing materials one is working on. For asphalt shingles, Root III indicated that â€Å"when installing asphalt shingles on felt only to any grade decking you should use 1-inch long roofing nails. When installing dimensional shingles to felt only, Roofhelp.com recommends you use 1 1/4-inch nails. If you are putting a layer of asphalt shingles over an existing layer of asphalt shingles on to a 3/4-inch deck or a plank deck then you should be using 1 1/2-inch nails. If your decking is less than 3/4 inch then a 1 1/2-inch nail will suffice. For dimensional shingles being installed over a layer of existing dimensional shingles you should always use a 1 1/2-inch roofing nail† (Root III, pars. 4 & 5). A rubber mallet is â€Å"a hammerlike tool with a head commonly of wood but occasionally of rawhide, plastic, etc., used for driving any tool with a wooden handle, as a chisel, or for striking a surface† (Dictionary.com, par. 1). Wallender identified the following uses of a rubber mallet, to wit: â€Å"for ceramic tile, it helps gently tap tile into place; laminate flooring: great for this brittle material; tap carpeting onto tacking strips; a â€Å"sounding device† if you need to hear what is behind a wall or in a pipe; PVC pipe work; and two tight-fitting sections of drywall† (Wallender, par.1), among others. According to needs, the rubber mallet come in different types and prices, such as the

Aristotle Virtue Ethics Essay Example for Free

Aristotle Virtue Ethics Essay One basic notion in Aristotelian ethics that occupies a central significance is Aristotle’s belief in the role of man’s activities in order for one to acquire ethical knowledge. That is, for one to become virtuous or to obtain virtues one should not merely confine himself to mere studying of these virtues but rather one should, more importantly, actualize this knowledge of the virtues. Thus, for one to become good, one should do good. Aristotle further stretches his ideas by proposing the doctrine of the mean. The essence of this doctrine dwells on the basic precept that one ought to avoid the extremes and, instead, settle for the â€Å"mean†. The actions of men, more specifically, ought to be framed upon the â€Å"mean† which is the virtue. For example, the virtue of courage rests on the mean between two extremes: cowardice or the â€Å"lack† of courage, and rashness or the â€Å"excess† in courage. It can easily be observed that Aristotle suggests that one should live a life that does not border on the things that are on the â€Å"most† and the â€Å"least† levels. For example, if I were to follow Aristotle’s ethics I should always see to it that I should consistently draw myself towards the middle value and avoid slanting towards cowardice and excess. All this could have been very well except for one small thing that I cannot seem to fully comprehend. How is it possible for one to ascertain that one is actually taking the middle path? Or how is it possible for one to know that this or that is the middle value or is the virtuous action? Perhaps the key in having an understanding to the notion of the â€Å"mean† is that one should act. That is, as I continually have these ideas as to what I must do when faced with an ethical situation or, at the least, an ordinary situation, I should nonetheless take the course of action so that I will be able to obtain a qualitative understanding that what I am doing is the â€Å"excess†. On the other hand, I will be having quite a rough time in acquiring the understanding as to whether the action that I am doing is virtuous if all that I do is to theorize and never let my theory be put into practice. Aristotle’s virtue ethics reminds me of Plato’s conception of ethics. For the most part of the Republic, Plato attempts to arrive at a conception of a just life by centering on the notion that the just life or that which is good is better than living a life molded on an evil framework and one which prompts individuals to act in an evil manner. At the onset of the Republic’s Book II, a conception of the idea of â€Å"justice† is advanced as the working of an individual in accordance to the role in which one is best suited as well as the belief for non-interference in the activities of others. In essence, this principle is closely related to Plato’s perspective on acting in accordance to one’s nature or intrinsic being which results to the state or condition of being â€Å"just† or acting justly once the individual acts in line to his very nature. Otherwise, if one begins to act beyond what his nature prescribes, then the individual begins to act in an unjust manner thereby resulting to â€Å"evil† actions (Plato and Kamtekar). While Aristotle insists that one should put into action the thought that one may have so as to have an understanding of the middle value that should be taken, Plato, on the other hand, suggests that one should simply go by with one’s nature so as not to be â€Å"evil†. If I were to choose which ethical precept would be better or would fit me best, I would rather be inclined to adopt Aristotle’s virtue ethics over the other because it offers me a chance to actualize myself through my actions and be guided accordingly. Whereas for Plato, what I am seeing is that I should get to know my self first before I act so that I can be good. But this cannot be met easily essentially because I find it quite difficult to know myself if I would not act first. In the light, if all the students in a certain class would build up a virtue like that of Aristotle’s point of view, the achievement of an environment which is formidably that built on the concept of philosophical and tremendously beneficial notions in life, the attainment of the virtue of goodness is towering in the highest hopes—although it eventually does not also undermine the concept of realism. Apparently, many may not stick on this kind of perception and ought to think that it is certainly not possible to achieve a life which is way beyond the bounds of a â€Å"not-so-good† life for that instance, but with the maximum height of human rationality, such may be given enough credit for the philosophers who believed in a life where â€Å"goodness comes in deeds† (Lannstrom). Work Cited Lannstrom, Anna. Loving the Fine: Virtue and Happiness in Aristotles Ethics. Indiana USA: University of Notre Dame Press, 2006. Plato, and R. Kamtekar. The Conventional View of Justice Developed. Trans. D. Lee. The Republic. 2 ed: Penguin Classics, 2003. 8-14.

Television Violence :: essays research papers

Television Violence The article â€Å"Television Violence: The Power and the Peril† is an article written by George Gerbner in 1994 that covers information about television violence over a period of twenty one years. Gerbner’s purpose in this article is to address the audience about the problems that exist in television today. This article covers a very big controversy that has brewed up in our society. The controversy is that there is way too much violence on television, and therefore it could be affecting the way that we think and act on a regular basis. In this article Gerbner presents the audience with poll results and statistics about what we actually see on television.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I thought Gerbner’s article was a very affective piece about television violence. Although I thought this article seemed to a little repetitive and confusing at times, I think Gerbner does a good job in presenting the audience with bunches of facts about what we are actually watching on our television. The most appealing thing about this article in my opinion is the fact that the study in this article was a study that took over twenty years. In twenty one years of research, someone can get a real feeling of what is actually happening. Gerbner is real effective in getting his point across about the abundance of violence on television. Cherry 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First, I think Gerbner is most affective in this article with the facts and evidence from the Cultural Indicators project (CI), which began in 1967. This shows that â€Å"by 1994 its computer archive contained observations on 2,816 programs and 34,882 characters coded according to many thematic, demographic and action categories† (Gerbner 15). From this study they were able to break down characters in shows from their behavior, their ethnic background, or even their social status. This study shows that â€Å"average viewer of prime time television drama sees in a typical week an average of 21 criminals arrayed against an army of 41 public and private law enforcers. There are 14 doctors, 6 nurses, 6 lawyers, and 2 judges to handle them† (Gerbner 16). To go with these characters, there is â€Å"an average of 150 acts of violence and about 15 murders† (Gerbner 16) that happen every week.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gerbner’s article is also affective because he does not fail to leave anything out. Every counter argument that could be derived from this article, I think is covered by Gerbner. Television Violence :: essays research papers Television Violence The article â€Å"Television Violence: The Power and the Peril† is an article written by George Gerbner in 1994 that covers information about television violence over a period of twenty one years. Gerbner’s purpose in this article is to address the audience about the problems that exist in television today. This article covers a very big controversy that has brewed up in our society. The controversy is that there is way too much violence on television, and therefore it could be affecting the way that we think and act on a regular basis. In this article Gerbner presents the audience with poll results and statistics about what we actually see on television.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I thought Gerbner’s article was a very affective piece about television violence. Although I thought this article seemed to a little repetitive and confusing at times, I think Gerbner does a good job in presenting the audience with bunches of facts about what we are actually watching on our television. The most appealing thing about this article in my opinion is the fact that the study in this article was a study that took over twenty years. In twenty one years of research, someone can get a real feeling of what is actually happening. Gerbner is real effective in getting his point across about the abundance of violence on television. Cherry 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First, I think Gerbner is most affective in this article with the facts and evidence from the Cultural Indicators project (CI), which began in 1967. This shows that â€Å"by 1994 its computer archive contained observations on 2,816 programs and 34,882 characters coded according to many thematic, demographic and action categories† (Gerbner 15). From this study they were able to break down characters in shows from their behavior, their ethnic background, or even their social status. This study shows that â€Å"average viewer of prime time television drama sees in a typical week an average of 21 criminals arrayed against an army of 41 public and private law enforcers. There are 14 doctors, 6 nurses, 6 lawyers, and 2 judges to handle them† (Gerbner 16). To go with these characters, there is â€Å"an average of 150 acts of violence and about 15 murders† (Gerbner 16) that happen every week.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gerbner’s article is also affective because he does not fail to leave anything out. Every counter argument that could be derived from this article, I think is covered by Gerbner.

Dell Computer Corporation Performance Metrics Essay

Every component of a corporate sustainability model should be associated with performance indicators such as inputs, processes, outputs, and outcomes. By determining the appropriate performance measures needed for each component of the sustainability model, companies can evaluate the performance and financial benefits of the sustainability initiatives. Dell Computer Corporation knew that balance is especially important in performance measurement and wanted to make a change to improve their reputation and also their consumer sales. The performance metrics that are most valuable to Dell from the inputs are mostly from the business context performance measures which include number and size of competition, diversity from competition, market size, and their competitive position within the industry should be the most important to them since they have so much competition in the industry (Epstein, 2008, p. 169). One way that I found through research that Dell has come up with to stay unique and making them competitive with their competition was by creating â€Å"the Dell Precision T5500 and T7500 which deliver up to 90 percent better multi-threaded digital content creation application performance versus previous generation systems† (Bolen, 2009). â€Å"The new systems are purpose-engineered for professionals in engineering, media, entertainment, biosciences, exploration, economic modeling and risk analysis† (Bolen, 2009). Dell feels that this will put them a step ahead of competition in the professional field. This is a great way for them to get ahead of technology and to be innovative. Having a sustainability strategy in place is a good step towards becoming a strong competitive organized company. Measuring the sustainability process is the next step to develop. Performance measures that I feel that Dell should be using are becoming a green office, having diversity in the workplace, costs for employees, inventory on hand and also creating on-going projects that entice employees causing a reduction in lost workdays (Epstein, 2008, p. 70). This combination of metrics is important to the value of any company. Dell also must control their performance measures that are tied into their outputs of their suitability performance. Some ideas that I feel that they should pay attention too are the number of plant closures they have, how they can generate business locally to support the community, how they use recycled materials, and how they can better their company though better sustainability issues protecting the environment (Epstein, 2008, p. 72). This is a main goal nowadays of any major organization. The outcomes of Dells suitability plans are the goal of long-term corporate financial performance using performance measures such as income and percentage of sales from green products, income from recycled products and recycled waste materials, costs from savings in energy costs, pollution costs and debt, as well as their return on investment form products they make (Epstein, 2008, p. 76). Thomas Meredith, former CFO for Dell, stated that â€Å"The balance between profitable growth and liquidity management is all about velocity (Meredith, 1998, para. 6). † He determined a formula using performance measures to determine the cash conversion cycle for Dell to use to be the most profitable. When Dell reduces the costs relative to the performance measures stated in the above paragraphs, they will result in higher profitability. The survival of Dell is making sure that they know how to navigate these performance measures using inputs, processes, outputs, and outcomes of their sustainability model. Dell must make sure that they continue to improve their goals and keep coming up with innovative and new suitability ideas while still benchmarking and measuring what works and doesn’t work for them in order to be able to change for success. Dell must continue to surpass the competition by continuing to develop new products that work well and provide a service to consumers that focus on the consumers and what they need and want. Dell will continue to perfect its sustainability systems, programs, and actions to succeed in the industry. They will continue to tailor their business in the direction of goals and train their employees to give the attention they must give customers to keep them coming back.

The Story of the Next Hour

It was Richards who had conversed with the doctors and, in veiled hints that revealed in half concealing, informed the others as to the heartbreaking truth of the tragedy. It was he too who dealt with the necessary arrangements for the body whilst the remainder of the house was engulfed in a storm of grief. With a paralysed inability to accept its significance, Brently sunk into the depths of the roomy armchair that stood facing the open window. With his face masked by his cupped hands he remained there, screening from the view of Josephine the vast sea of tears that overwhelmed his face, lest it distressed her further. Richards feeling for the vast loss of his dear friend, put his arm about his shoulder as if to try and ease away the pain that had woven itself to him. However he was instructed by Brently of his need to be left in solitude and with that he retired from the room. Pressed down with physical exhaustion, he hauled his burden away up the stairs towards the only room in the house where Louise's presence lived on as strong as ever. On seeing this, Josephine also took to her feet and fled from the house with a sudden wild abandonment after being caught up in the event of the last two hours. Louise had once been an elixir of life to Brently. He had lived for her and had idolised her every move with admiration. As he passed her body on his way to their room, his sanctuary, he was struck dumb with how life like her delicate body looked. Her cheeks still bloomed as they had done the day she had agreed to marry him, blushing with the same tint of cherry just as when white lilies are crowded with roses and take on their red. Her eyes too, such deep green, as green as all the oceans of Neptune, still bore her soul and it opened the door to his heart and melted it. As he reached the door of the bedroom he and Louise had shared together for what seemed only a few moments in the vastness of eternity, he was reminded of her sweet nature by the delicious breath of her sweet perfume that lingered in the air and as he passed across the room he was sure he heard her voice somewhere in the distance proclaiming the love she felt. There stood, facing the open window, he reminisced on times forgone, his face, whose lines now bespoke repression, wet with tears. And as he gazed out of the window upon the world carrying on around him he could see the leaves falling from the trees, amber, brown, gold, signifying the end of one chapter and the beginning of a new. Just at that moment a faint tapping was heard at the door and Brently heard Josephine imploring for admission. â€Å"Brently, Richards will go with Louise if you wish. Its time to say your farewells† Traversing the staircase down to the open door Brently collected himself. It was only yesterday that he had felt like Louise and him were falling apart and had begun to detach the bond they once had shared. He then thought to the future for the first time since the incident and with a shock revelation and the realisation that he was now free to venture forward on whatever path he so did choose, he composed himself for his life to come. Peering out of the doorway, Brently now became conscious of the reality that stood before him; this would be the final opportunity to gaze upon his wife. Having been hit by this sudden awareness of the situation, his sight became focused towards the horse drawn cart preparing to draw away. Within a moment however, overcome with grief at this pivotal point in his life, he remained content with sharing in her presence alone and was left with a less desirous wish to fix his eyes upon her fragile body lest the pain be overbearing. To see her lying there, motionless and with her lifeblood drained from within would have been too shattering and the thought of letting her go too unbearable for contemplation. Having collected himself once more for the events, which were to follow, with a word of thanks to Richards for his assistance in the affairs of the day, he embraced the companion whom he valued so dearly, the companion who had relieved the ache that was trapped within his heart. â€Å"Take care of her for me† † I would do nothing less† With this Richards picked up his gripsack and boarded the cart. Silence surrounded them as the cart pulled away and grief tortured those who would carry the burden around with them forever, but within the cart Richards and Louise rejoiced in the happiness that lay before them and with minimal thought for the grief they had left behind they turned the corner, both in the road and in the winding passage of life.

Discuss the pathogenesis of measles virus infection The WritePass Journal

Discuss the pathogenesis of measles virus infection Conclusion Discuss the pathogenesis of measles virus infection IntroductionInfection and SpreadSymptomsSubacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE)VaccinationConclusionRelated Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Introduction Measles virus (MV) is a member of the paramyxovirus family and has a single stranded RNA genome.   The viral genome encodes for six structural proteins: Haemagglutin (H), Fusion (F), Nucleoprotein (N), Phosphoprotein (P), Large (L) polymerase protein, and Matrix (M) protein and two non-structural proteins: C and V (Griffin,   2010). The structure of the virus is shown below.  Ã‚   Fig 1.   The structure of the Measles virus Ref:microbiologybytes.com/virology/Paramyxoviruses.html The majority of measles cases occur in children and in those who are fit and healthy, results in life long immunity without complications.   Measles virus has been eliminated in the western world since 2000 through an efficient vaccine programme, however, it is a different scenario in developing countries were deaths arise due to lack of vaccine administration and malnourishment of children (Fontana et al, 2008).  Ã‚   For example in 2008, 164 000 people died from measles virus of these 95% were in low-income countries (www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs286/en/).   Although infection with MV produces an efficient immune response that is maintained for the rest of the individuals life, it also results in a transient state of immunosuppression that can last for several weeks.   This leaves the patient susceptible to secondary infections by opportunistic pathogens which account for the majority of measles associated deaths (Sevet-Delprat   et al, 2000).  Ã‚   The exact me chanism of the immunosuppression is still unknown however many theories have been suggested. Infection and Spread The MV is spread through aerosol transmission in the cough or sneeze of an infected person.   The virus is extremely contagious and can remain in the air or on a surface for up to two hours (Stalkup, 2002).   The route of entry for the virus is through the respiratory tract and once infected, the virus will incubate for an average of 10-12 days before any symptoms are seen.   Infection is initiated by the attachment of the H protein to the host cell receptors, which results in the fusion of the envelope of the virus with the host cell membrane.   This fusion of membranes causes the release of viral RNA into the host cell cytoplasm.   After the RNA has replicated, using host cell machinery, new virus particles are assembled using the M protein and bud from the host cell membrane to infect other susceptible cells (Swart, 2008).   The host cell receptors for the measles virus are CD46, a complement regulatory protein that is found on all nucleated cells and the Signalling Ly mphocytic Activation Molecule (SLAM/CD150) which is found on the surface of both T and B lymphocytes as well as macrophages and mature Dendritic cells (DC) (Yanagi et al, 2006).   In vitro studies have found that vaccine strains of the measles virus use CD46 and SLAM as their receptor however wild-type MV only recognizes CD150 (Ferreira et al, 2010).   There has been some debate over the exact cell that is involved in the initial infection with MV.   It had previously been thought that the virus infected epithelial cells lining the nasopharynx (Stalkup   et al, 2002) however more recent studies have shown that these cells do not bear the MV receptors SLAM which facilitate wild-type viral infection therefore further studies are required to identify this unknown receptor .   It has been suggested that alveolar macrophages and DC lining the respiratory tract are the initial cells involved in measles infection.  Ã‚   This was demonstrated in a study using mice that expressed humanized SLAM.   These mice were infected intranasally with wild type measles virus expressing green fluorescent protein.   The nasal associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) was then extracted from these mice at different time points (1,2 or 3 days).   Results showed that alveolar macrophages were the first cells to be infected by the measles virus and not the epithelial cells (Ferreira et al, 2010). DC’s are the main antigen presenting cells of the immune system and are used by other viruses to infect lymphocytes for (example the HIV virus) (Witte et al, 2008).   Therefore DC may provide an important route of transport for MV to secondary lymphoid tissue.   The role of DCs in measles infection is further indicated by the identification of DC-SIGN which is an accessory receptor that has been identified on MV susceptible cells and is thought to assist MV infection of CD150 expressing DCs (Yanagi, 2006).   Furthermore, large numbers of DC-SIGN positive DCs have been found to be present in the epithelium of the respiratory tract which demonstrates their potential primary role in MV infection of (Ludlow et al, 2010 ; Witte et al, 2008). An alternative theory is that epithelial cells are infected in the latter stages of infection by lymphoid cells facilitating viral spread by the respiratory route.   This would mean that epithelial cells are infected at the basolateral cell surface rather than the apical surface.   This was demonstrated by a study that looked at mutated MV strains that could not bind to the as yet unidentified Epithelial Cell receptor (EpR) but could still recognise the SLAM receptor.   Results showed that the macaques developed the rash but could not shed the virus which suggests that the EpR is a basolaterally expressed protein that is important for the spread of the virus at the infective stage (Leonard, et al, 2008).   A study by Ludlow (2010) supported these findings by showing that wild type MV could not infect primary columnar epithelial cells by the apical surface further demonstrating the potential role of epithelial cells in latter stages of infection rather than initial stages as p reviously thought. In response to viral infection the innate immune system responds by producing inflammatory cytokines to protect cells from viral infection.   These cytokines include type 1 interferons (IFN) such as   IFNÃŽ ± and ÃŽ ² which are induced in response to RNA viruses.   IFNs induce an anti-viral state in neighbouring cells and increase the expression of class 1 Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules on the infected cell surface which will present the viral antigens to CD8+ T cells.   CD8+ T cells clear the infection by cytotoxic T cell mediated killing of the infected cell (Abbas Ltchtman, 2005).   To overcome these host cell defences, viruses have ways to evade the immune system.   MV virus protein V and C have been shown to downregulate IFN production in vitro and this includes both attenuated and wild type strains (Fontana et al, 2008).   Through the inhibition of the proinflammatory cytokines MV can infect more host cells.   MV may also use the innate immune system to enhance viral spread and pathogenesis by using Toll like receptors (TLRs) which are found on the surfaces of cells that activate the immune system by recognising bacterial and viral pathogens.   The binding of TRL2 on human monocytes by MV H protein has been shown to induce production of interleukin 6 (IL-6) which upregulates expression of SLAM the primary receptor for MV (Beiback et al, 2002). Once the virus is picked up by antigen presenting cells it is carried to the secondary lymphatic tissue were it can replicate in T cell, B cells and activated monocytes with lymphocytes being the main target cell of MV infection (de Swart et al, 2007).   These infected cells can be seen in the blood 7-9 days after infection (Griffin, 2010).   It is thought that through these infected lymphoid cells that the virus is able to infect epithelial and endothelial cells lining organs including the liver, brain and skin (Moench et al, 1988).   In order for MV to infect these organs it must overcome these endothelial cell barriers.  Ã‚   It has been shown in cell culture that wild type MV infection may infect endothelial cells by increasing the expression and activation of leukocyte integrins which bring infected T cells into close contact with these cells leading to their infection (Dittmar et al, 2008). Symptoms The initial symptoms of MV are very similar to those of the flu including runny nose, conjunctivitis and cough which is accompanied by a fever of 104-1050F that lasts up to 4 days (Stalkup, 2002).   The characteristic feature of MV is the red rash that appears beginning on the face and behind the ears, which spreads to the rest of the body (please see Fig 2 below).   During this time the person is highly contagious and remains so until the rash disappears (www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/download/meas.pdf). Fig 2 shows a child with an extensive rash caused by the Measles virus. Ref: vaccineinformation.org/measles/photos.asp Small white spots known as Koplik spots may also be seen in the inside the mouth which is a diagnostic indicator of measles and appear one day before the rash (Perry Halsey, 2004). The appearance of the rash is due to the immune systems attack of the systemic infection of epithelial cells and biopsies of the rash have shown infiltration of CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes in the rhesus monkey (Permur et al, 2003). An individual who in infected with measles virus will recover within about 10-14 days but may remain vulnerable to secondary infections including pneumonia and diarrhoea for a few weeks.  Ã‚   This was first noted by von Pirquet who noticed that individuals recently infected with the MV failed to respond to the tuberculin skin test and this has led to many studies into the reasons for this immune suppression (Griffin et al, 1994). One reason for the immunosuppression seen after a measles infection is the switch from a T helper 1 (Th1) CD4 response to a T helper 2 (Th2) CD4 response.   Initial MV infection results in the production of a Th1 response which is necessary to eliminate the pathogen and is marked by increased production of IFNÃŽ ³ however as the rash is cleared this changes to a Th2 response which is important in the production of measles specific antibodies (Moss et al, 2004).   Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 have been shown to be elevated for weeks in those who have had MV (Moss et al, 2002).   IL-10 suppresses the immune system by inhibiting lymphocyte proliferation and macrophage activation therefore may have a key role in failure to generate a Th1 response after MV infection (Sato et al, 2008). IL-12 is primarily produced by activated macrophages and DCs and has a pivotal role in the generation of a cell mediated immune response as well as directing CD4+ T cells to differentiate into Th1 cells (Abbas Lichtman, 2005).   Studies have shown that MV infection of DCs inhibits IL-12 production which would lead to an environment favouring a Th2 cell response (Servert-Delprat et al, 2000).   Furthermore peripheral blood monocytic cells taken from patients with measles have been shown to have a prolonged decrease in IL-12 (Atabani et al, 2001).   Stimulation of DCs through TLR4 also results in inhibition of IL-12 in mice expressing human SLAM receptor (Hahm et al, 2007). As lymphocytes are the main targets for MV infection and replication the immunosuppression seen after infection may be due to as decrease in circulating lymphocytes.   However, studies have shown that lymphocyte numbers quickly return to normal levels and therefore cannot account for the immune suppression seen weeks after infection (Griffin, 2010). Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) SSPE is a rare neurological complication of MV infection that affects 1 in a million measles cases although there is an increased risk with children infected with the measles virus before age 2 and males more than females (Norrby Kristensson, 1997).   The characteristic symptoms of SSPE are deterioration of mental and motor functions as a result of destruction of brain tissue.   These symptoms typically begin to manifest 7-10 years after primary viral infection and ultimately result in death within 2 years (Stalkup, 2002).   Patients with SSPE have high levels of measles specific antibody circulating in their blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) yet the virus is not eliminated (Barrero et al, 2003).   It is thought that the virus mutates inside the neurons which allows it to evade the immune system however these mutations may alter the host cells leading to the generation of the immune response (Gutierrez et al, 2010).   However the mechanism by which neurons are infected i s still unknown as no receptors have been identified.   There is no cure for SSPE although treatment of individuals with Interferon ÃŽ ± and Isoprinosine has been shown to slow down the progression of symptoms in some individuals (Gascon et al, 1993). Vaccination The first MV vaccine was produced in the 1960s which was formalin-inactivated with alum.   This vaccine produced a condition known as atypical measles which resulted in some individuals experiencing symptoms which were often worse than wild-type measles, when they came into contact with someone who had measles (deSwart, 2008).   In 1963, Enders measles vaccine was developed which was a live attenuated vaccine (Stalkup, 2002).   This vaccine is grown in cell culture fibroblasts from chicken embryos and is unable to produce its full pathogenic effect but induces an adequate life long immune response (PÏ‹tz et al, 2003).   The measles vaccine has resulted in a 99% fall in the number of measles cases that were previously seen annually in the United States (Stalkup, 2002).   MV could potentially be irradicated but this is dependent on high vaccine coverage.   The World Health Organization (WHO) has a policy in place which has set a goal of reducing the death rate from MV in children under 5 by 2015 (who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs286).   MV infection can also lead to blindness in children who are Vitamin A deficient and the WHO have recommended that all children with measles are given vitamin A supplementation to combat blindness (Semba and Bloem, 2004). The measles vaccine is part of the Measles Mumps and Rubella (MMR) vaccine that is given in two doses.   The vaccine is administered intramuscularly and the first injection is given to children around 13 months (nhs.uk/conditions/mmr/Pages/Introduction.aspx).   The vaccine is not given before this age because these children will have maternal antibodies which would interfere with the vaccine and not generate an appropriately high enough immune response (Moss et al, 2004).   A second dose of the MMR vaccine is given to preschool children as a booster as 2-5% of individuals fail to produce an appropriate protective immunity to the first inoculation (cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/combo-vaccines/mmr/faqs-mmr-hcp.htm).   New methods of delivery of MMR vaccine have been investigated such as the use of aerosol vaccine which would mimic natural measles infection and the use of DNA vaccine administration.   Aerosol vaccine has been found to generate an effective immune response that is equal to that of the currently used vaccine and may also overcome the interference from maternal antibodies however clinical trials are still in progress (Heno-Restrepo et al, 2009). Furthermore, trials into the use of DNA vaccines have proposed a potential to vaccinate children as young as four months (Pasetti et al, 2009). The MMR vaccine has been in the public eye for many years as a result of a paper by Wakefield and colleagues in 1998 which claimed that there was a link between the administration of the MMR vaccine and the development of autism (Farrington et al, 2001).   Many studies have been carried out to either prove or disprove this study as these claims led to fear amongst parents regarding vaccination of their children and uptake fell to 80% between 2003 and 2004 as a result of this (Bedford Ellimen, 2010).   As stated in the introduction MV is so contagious even a minor drop in vaccine coverage can lead to a large number of cases.   In 2010 after an extensive investigation by the General Medical council it was finally confirmed that the paper by Wakefield was unfounded (Godlee et al, 2001). Conclusion Although cases of MV are rarely seen in this country it results in the death of many children in the developing countries.   Currently vaccination is given at 13 months of age however many studies are ongoing that could potentially provide a vaccine that could be administered earlier resulting in children being protected earlier and limiting hosts for the virus.   Furthermore, malnutrition is one of the major contributing factors in the deaths from measles virus, tackling this problem would also decrease the mortality rate.   As stated above MV poses a problem in that infection generates a life long immune response but also leaves the host susceptible to secondary infections. The exact mechanism for this is not yet known therefore more work is needed to answer this problem and potentially combat this immune suppression. /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;}