Feudalism and Court Services Vassals

Feudalism began in France around A. D. 900 and spread. The feudal hierarchy was an arrangement of rank resembling a pyramid. At the top of the pyramid was the king. In the feudal relationship the king was the suzerain, or lord, of a group of dukes and counts who were his vassals. Each of these vassals was in turn lord to lesser vassals, who had even less important vassals. At the bottom of the pyramid were the knights, who had no vassals. Lord and vassal owed certain obligations to each other. The vassal pledged to perform certain services for his lord, and in return the lord granted him a fief, or fee. A fief was anything that was considered useful or valuable. Usually, a fief was a piece of land, jurisdiction over the peasants who lived on the land, and ownership of the goods they produced. All fiefs were technically owned by the king, but a vassal held, in effect, all the rights of ownership of the fief as long as he performed the services required by his lord. The entire kingdom was divided into fiefs, except for the land held by the king personally. Feudal tenure was hereditary. When a vassal died, his heir did homage for his fief and swore an oath of fealty to his lord, promising to be faithful and render service. In the ceremony of investiture, the lord handed his vassal some symbol—such as a sword or a clod of earth—in token of title, and promised to defend the vassal's fief. If a vassal died leaving a minor heir, the lord usually became the guardian of the fief and managed it. If the heir was an unmarried daughter, the lord could select a husband for her because only a male could perform the services of the fief. Feudal services were the services that a vassal owed his lord varied. Military or Knight Service: A vassal was expected to serve his lord in war. Usually he served 40 days a year at his own expense if engaged in an offensive action against his lord's enemy. In a defensive action the term of service was unlimited. A knight was expected to furnish only his horse and armor, but great vassals had to supply hundreds of knights and men-at-arms. With Court Services vassals had to serve, when summoned, in the lord's court. They were called upon to give the lord advice. They also met in assembly to settle disputes between vassals. This was the origin of the principle of trial by a jury of peers, or equals. Vassals were also summoned for ceremonial occasions, such as investitures. Financial Obligations included: A relief, or gift, to the lord when the fief passed to an heir. It amounted usually to a year's income. Aids, payments made by vassals when their lord needed additional resources. A common aid was to help ransom the lord when he was taken prisoner in war. Other aids were given when the lord's eldest daughter was married and when his eldest son became a knight. They were obligated to entertain the lord when he paid a visit. During feudal warfare a powerful vassal who did not fulfill his obligations could usually withstand his lord's wrath if he owned a strong castle, since medieval castles were almost impossible to overrun. Forty days' service—the usual limit for knights in the attacking force—left insufficient time for siege operations. Private warfare between nobles who were neither lord nor vassal to each other was common in France, since the king could not control the vassals of his vassals. The church sought to limit strife by forbidding warfare on certain days of the week and during church festivals. Chivalry developed as a code of conduct for knights. Feudalism came to an end as the kings increased their power and forced the lesser landowners to obey their orders. Feudalism was introduced in England in 1066 following the Battle of Hastings and the Norman Conquest. The Normans, led by William the Conqueror who was crowned King William I of England were responsible for introducing feudalism to England. Feudalism was based on the exchange of land for military service. William the Conqueror claimed all the land in England and divide the land between himself (about 20%), the church (about 25%) and the remainder of English land was given to Norman soldiers and nobles (barons). Following the Norman Conquest William the Conqueror ordered a full survey of England which was called the Doomsday Book. It gave the new King of England full details of the land, the people and how much taxes and dues would be paid to the Normans. Under the Feudal system the vassals who were awarded land swore an Oath of Fealty to their lord and provided fully equipped soldiers under the Feudal Levy. Medieval Serfs were peasants who worked his lord's land and paid him certain dues in return for the use of land, the possession (not the ownership) of which was heritable. When the land changed owners during the time of feudalism the peasants were obliged to work for the new owners – the Normans. The decline of feudalism in England occurred due to many events including the Black Death, changes from a land-based economy to a money based economy and the establishment of Centralized government. Feudalism began in 410 AD with the fall of Rome. Feudalism in Germany was different from that of France and England. The old Germanic tribes which plagued the Roman emperors emerged again after Charlemagne's successors lost power. Four stem duchies eventually emerged as the most powerful in Germany: Saxony, Franconia, Swabia, and Bavaria. One strong duke, Otto of Saxony (936-973) tried to establish lordship over the other dukes. He invaded Italy, starting a long tradition of German interference in that peninsula, and made himself King of Italy. He was then crowned emperor by the pope himself (962). The strong points were; l) fragmentation of political power; 2) public power in private hands; and 3) armed forces secured through private contracts. Feudalism is, therefore, a method of government, and a way of securing the forces necessary to preserve that method of government. It is also an extreme form of decentralization. There many centers of power. Power does not reside at a center, or at the top, even though there a pyramidal structure in theory, with the emperor at the top and the simple knight at the bottom. The weak points were weak central power and realizing that a strong defense relied on a single leader. Napoleon was a leader during that time. Feudalism in Germany ended in the 15th century at about the same time England's Feudalism ended, as well as the rest of Europe's feudalism.

La Misma Luna Review

La Misma Luna review The first theme I think of when it comes to the movie La Misma Luna is big things come in small packages. Carlos is nine years old, yet he is determined to cross the Mexico border to find his mother. Most nine year olds are focusing on what picture they want to color next, not Carlos. I felt really touched by what Carlos is trying to accomplish. Carlos comes across many obstacles on his journey to his mother. He eventually comes across Enrique, who turns into his travel buddy, and saves him numerous times. I really admire Enrique for all he did for Carlos.Although he wanted to leave Carlos many times, Enrique stayed by his side, keeping him from danger. I feel like I am most like Enrique for the fact of how he helps Carlos. I am always helping people, whether I get along with them, or even like them, I’m always there to help. I also relate to Enrique because of his determination. He is just like Carlos, determined to find his mother (Carlos’. ) Toge ther they go through many struggles, sleeping on park benches, finding cheap easy jobs, barley making enough money to eat and sleep. But they will do whatever it takes to find her.I am determined like them when it comes to basketball. I am also willing to work as hard as I have to win, start, score, and play as much as I can. Enrique saved Carlos from danger numerous times. This brings me to my next theme, that you can do anything you put your mind to. When Carlos was working in the tomato factory, he almost got caught; and I was very frightened at this point. He didn’t think for a second he was going to get caught. He hid himself in crates of tomatoes and waited. All during the movie, whatever he puts his mind to, he does.The most obvious goal Carlos accomplished was finding his mother. He walked the streets of Los Angeles looking for the special corner, with the pizzeria, Laundromat, party store, and murals on sides of buildings. That is true determination. But this shows t rue courage of Enrique. He could have easily left Carlos behind, for him to get caught. But he didn’t and that is something to look up to. True friendship and courage is what makes this movie so special. Without Enrique staying beside Carlos, no matter how annoying he got the movie wouldn’t have been the same.Without Enrique, Carlos would probably have gotten kidnapped, or found by the police and sent back to Mexico. It’s true friendship for Enrique to throw his coffee at the police when they had a hold of Carlos. Carlos was then able to escape, but it was not the same for Enrique, and I have a feeling he knew that when he threw the cup. The significance of the title is that no matter the distance between Carlos and his mother, they were always close to each other. They are under the same moon no matter what.

Barcode Scanners and Smart Cards

Barcode Scanners and Smart Cards Introduction In an age of technological revolution, the use of information systems in computers has become essentially paramount and the overwhelming vast majority of major supermarkets worldwide has become dependant on it, the consumer demands speed and convenience and the supplier has a strong emphasis on accuracy and providing those needs that inevitably cannot be displaced, only to become better at the least, which has been happening through time. The consumer as well as the supplier needs a method where a product can be instantly recognised, and deliver an on the spot price as well accumulate more than one product not to mention information that both parties can benefit from, and not to mention be rewarded for their loyalty in recognition of their custom. The use of technology in the business sector in the supermarket chain cannot be declared such a name without such a system; however this report is not to testify its perfection, but more to exemplify its reliability, importanc e and future advancements. Why Barcode Scanners? All products to be sold in a supermarket has a barcode embedded on it NO exception, this resembles vertical black lines and a row of numbers, a barcode scanner is a computer peripheral for reading the barcode printed on those surfaces, it is connected to a computer that indentifies what is being scanned and displays on screen the information stored about that particular image and number which is required in a store. The most common scanner used but not necessarily the best is laser scanners, that uses a beam to capture the image and process it. It is believed the essential reason for using a barcode scanner is accurate accumulation of multiple items scanned. Barcode scanner are not limited to the cashiers section for the sake of buying goods and simply checking out, there are anti-theft devices on many supermarkets on the store exit, so if one were not to pay for an item, the anti-theft barcode reader would pick up an items barcode as unregistered on the database or simply put paid for. With today’s advancements there are also self checkout spots were the consumer can simply scan the items themselves, so it’s quite obvious the wonders of barcode isn’t quite going anywhere. Why Smart Cards? Smart cards in supermarkets usually are used as a loyalty scheme. A loyalty scheme is when the consumer gets points for purchases and gets rewarded with coupons or discounts for future purchases. In some cases you may have to reach a certain limit before you are entitled to use your reward. A smart card is like a credit card in shape and its size, smart cards have an embedded microprocessor, and it is under a gold pad on the front of the card, although magnetic strips are still used and popular. It can store the consumer’s details and products purchased if it were to be ready available. Having a smart card is optional but it is beneficiary as you can gain points, which will be stored on the computer system. It also worth noting, not only it inputs data into the smart chip as well as on the central computer, it can also be edited, or certain numeric information deducted in others words points in exchange for rewards

Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Assignment 2 - Essay Example They roughly run towards each other to grab the ball and throw it to a teammate. One or two boys fall to the ground, with one shedding copious tears, but their daddies merely tell them to stand up and run again. The crying boy’s father approaches him, pats him at the back and instructs him to play ball again as if nothing happened. My observations made me reflect on the kinds of play these children engage in. I thought Barbie dolls are considered a representation of the American ideal of beauty – sexy, thin and stylish, given to little girls like a torch passed on from one generation of women. It is but expected by society for a girl to achieve the much coveted beauty and grace exemplified by Barbie dolls, as looks matter terribly in this society. That is why the older ladies seemed to be guiding the little girls on how to make their dolls more beautiful, in the hopes that these girls will do so for themselves. On the other hand, boys are encouraged to engage in contact sports. Mothers endure the mess and stench of sweaty jerseys and hold their hearts in their throats as they witness their little boys being roughed up in the playing field all because of the image boys need to project as being manly. The fathers proudly motivate their sons to go for a goal or to brush of simple accidents of tripping to the ground as trivial. It seemed that expressing pain by crying in such accidents is not encouraged. Boys and girls are treated differently from the time they are born. Baby girls are considered fragile and they are exposed to delicate language and handled very gently. Boys, on the other hand, are exposed to strong tones and power-filled language and are handled less gently as they are tossed in the air and held upright from a younger age to demonstrate their power and strength (Rasquinha & Mouly, 2005). Chodorow (1978) posits that after birth, the infant unconsciously sees himself/ herself as merged with

Minimum Legal Drinking Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Minimum Legal Drinking Age - Essay Example The MLDA has proponents and opponents, who hold fast to their respective positions in this debate (American Medical Association, n.d.). Morris E. Chafetz, in â€Å"The 21-Year-Old Drinking Age: I Voted for it; It Doesn't Work,† and Toben F. Nelson, and Traci L. Toomey, in â€Å"The Drinking Age of 21 Saves Lives,† adopt opposing views on this issue. Chafetz argues that the MLDA of 21 â€Å"has not worked,† and is not linked to reduced drunk-driving fatalities (7). He holds that enforcing a minimum legal age for drinking does not take into consideration the deaths caused by alcohol off the highways, and drives teenagers to binge drinking in unsupervised surroundings. On the other hand, Nelson and Toomey take the position that the MLDA of 21 has reduced drinking-related deaths, and decreased binge-drinking in underage college students. Although both authors have credibility and are knowledgeable and logical about the subject, and Chafetz is more accommodating of op posing viewpoints, Nelson and Toomey make a more convincing argument as their stand is supported by extensive references to research studies. Both the essays are authored by writers with impeccable credentials. Chafetz is a credible speaker in the MLDA debate, as he is the founder of the National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse and The Health Education Foundation in Washington. His reputation is further bolstered by the fact that he was a member of the Presidential Commission on Drunk Driving, Director and Executive Member of the National Commission Against Drunk Driving and the Presidential appointee at The White House Conference for a Drug-Free America. He is also a Doctor of Psychiatry, with a long history of association with social issues, such as alcoholism and drug abuse. Chafetz’s credentials are more than matched by Nelson and Toomey, who belong to the University of Minnesota’s School of Public Health. Their argument is further supported by a group of academicians and researchers. The reputation of the writers contributes to the trustworthiness of the essays and makes them both credible. Sim ilarly, both the essays are written by knowledgeable authors who make their respective positions clear through unambiguous declarations. Chafetz emphatically states that â€Å"Prohibition – is not working among 18-20 year-olds now† (8). On the other hand, Nelson and Toomey are equally firm in their conviction that â€Å"A drinking age of 21 has led to less drinking, fewer injuries and fewer deaths† (9). There is no room for ambiguity in either essays and the authors’ tones convey their absolute belief in the correctness of their respective positions. Similarly, both the authors display knowledge about the issue being debated. As the founder of The National Institute for Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, Chafetz is obviously conversant with the issue of alcohol consumption and quotes statistics from his institute â€Å"that 5,000 lives are lost to alcohol each year by those under 21† (Chafetz 7). As a Doctor of Psychiatry, Chafetz also demonstrates know ledge about brain impairment and alcohol dependency, in line with his profession as a medical doctor. Nelson and Toomey are significantly knowledgeable about the effects of alcohol on college students – this is in keeping with their University background.

Sustainability - Can it have a place in todays Construction World Essay

Sustainability - Can it have a place in todays Construction World - Essay Example However, prices have been levelling off or coming down since 2004. Any drop in prices of real estate is bound to affect consumer spending, since a large amount is financed by loans taken out against the increased value of real estate. The present scenario of low interest rates, and high oil and home prices has the look of the 1970's just before the worldwide recession set in. This time the inflation may not be so bad because the governments and banks are less likely to make the blunders they did in the 1970's and also the large work force of developing economies like China and India will help hold down the labour wage rates (Woodall). In July 1998, the 'Construction Task Force' led by Sir John Egan produced its report Rethinking Construction (Duffy, 2002). The need for the Industry to improve its performance was highlighted and it was suggested that the then current thinking and practices need to be drastically changed. The report highlighted the need for application of best practices to As a demonstration of the changes, a series of 'Demonstration Projects' showcasing the changed thinking, should be undertaken. The report suggested a need for a 'movement for change' that would be a dynamic, inspirational and non-institutionalised movement to bring about a radical improvement. The report led to further action with the launch of the 'M4I' Movement for Innovation in November 1998 (Azobuild). 'Constructing the Team' was the title of the report of the team commissioned by Government and Industry and led by Sir Michael Latham. This report emphasised the need for all elements of the Industry, namely, architecture, tendering, procurement and construction to work together as a team to revitalise the Industry and to engender high quality and high efficiency (Wikipedia). In this situation it is vital to understand the problems faced by the construction Industry (Industry) and the way forward to sustainability. Research Objectives: The objectives of the research would be to analyse the problems facing the Industry towards meeting the vision of the Egan and Latham reports and to suggest ways for improvement in current practices and systems. Special emphasis shall be placed on the need for improvement in costs, time and reduction in defects. The research shall focus on the team approach where all elements of the Industry form a cohesive whole to deliver quality product at the lowest cost and in the shortest time. Scope of the Research: The research shall be confined to the Industry and its primary clients, namely the housing aspect. Other types of construction where the client commissions a building or other civil construction in order to carry on some other business activity are specifically excluded from the scope of the study. The report shall specifically address itself to the basic questions raised in the reports of the Egan and Latham committees on the industry having to readdress itself to focusing on becoming client targeted, integration into teams throughout the supply chain and developing a respect for people. Research Methods: The objectives of the research shall be achieved by following a structured approach consisting of the following steps: 1. A detailed survey

International Environmental Analysis Assignment

International Environmental Analysis - Assignment Example The implication of internalization of the Tata Group on Europe has also been explained in this paper. The Tata Group The Tata Group is a multinational corporation from India with its headquarters being in Mumbai. In India, the Tata Group is among the biggest companies. This group has a large annual revenue and extensive market capitalization. The investment of the company includes the ICT sector, materials, energy, engineering, services, chemicals, and consumer products. According to Pandit (2005, p. 61), the multinational company has extended its arms across the world with its operations covering over 80 countries. The company is an active exporter of goods and services to many countries across the six continents of the world. This corporation has more than 144 subsidiaries and companies, which include Tata Steel, Tata Technologies, Tata Motors, Tata Tea, Titan Industries, Tata Sons and Tata Teleservices. Sen (2009, p 31) says that the Corporation is reputable in the world because i t has financed and established many institutions and funded research initiatives within India and across the world. The corporation gets more than two thirds of its revenue from countries outside India and therefore this demonstrates its international expansion. Tata Group SWOT Analysis The vision of the Tata Group is to improve the quality of life. The company’s strategies facilitate the achievement of its vision. Taylor (2011, p. 86) says that the strategies of the company are designed to enable the corporation overcome its weaknesses and make maximum utilization of the opportunities available within the local and international markets. Capabilities and resources are the main strengths of the Tata Group. The resources of the corporation are the capable employees and the raw materials, which give it its business capabilities. New markets, acquisitions, and exports are the business opportunities of the corporation. The weaknesses, which the corporation aims to overcome, inclu de the macro environment, innovation of its value chain and distribution. To allow the company serve the local and international market effectively with quality services and products, overcoming its weaknesses is inevitable. Furthermore, the Tata Group needs to provide goods and services at reasonable prices so that it will not lose its loyal customers. Sen (2009, p. 42) explains that the mergers of the corporation with global companies and its internationalization have led to local threats such as competition. However, the international strategy of the corporation is part of its strategic plan, which does not compromise the need to achieve its essential goals within the local market. Taylor (2011, p.91) asserts that as a way of expanding its business internationally, the Tata Group uses the corporate strategy of mergers and acquisitions. This is an opportunity in the international market, which the company utilizes to overcome its weaknesses. For example, the Tata Group acquires co mpanies in the steel industry so that it would get raw materials at lower prices to enable it serve the automobile industry with low steel prices. This will enable the group to provide its customers with value added and low price products as a way of overcoming the competition in the market. Through the mergers and acqui

Clay Shirky's Here Comes Everybody (2008) Term Paper

Clay Shirky's Here Comes Everybody (2008) - Term Paper Example As an example, many people are blogging about thousands of topics. Some of these blogs are personal and only go out to a few people (usually family and friends) while others are intended for a larger, more global audience. These blogs may have errors in them but they are being shared without filtering. Socially, the â€Å"publish than filter† approach is able to bring people together on a larger scale than previously available. People can learn about each other via several social networking sites and they can meet large groups of people via these sites. People are able to have conversations with perfect strangers about their ideas. Economically, many people have learned to master social business networking by sharing content on several social networking sites that include Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook and YouTube. Each site has a different way of giving content but people are able to gain an understanding of the person behind the business as well as the business. Mass amateurism , according to Shirkey, refers to the idea that anyone can publish anything so â€Å"everyone is a media outlet†. This means that people do not have to have fancy degrees in journalism or be professional writers to be published on the Web. People are able to provide different viewpoints on a variety of topics and it does not matter who they are as a writer. Also, the individuals are able to publish more often and more regularly. One example that Shirky keeps exploring is the Blog. The blogs are written on many different topics and people can present their political views, share photos, or create videos and publish them all over the Internet with most of the tools to do these things provided for free. Another example that Shirky gives is the use of instant messaging and other chat programs that allow the individual to be in touch with a variety of people in real time. These types of media allow an individual to publish more than once, on a regular basis, and more is said than would be possible in print newspapers and magazines because of the standards of those newspapers and magazines. The advent of mass amateurism does not mean the end of professionalism; it just means another vehicle for information will be developed. There will always be people who want to read professional literature including magazines and newspapers like Time or The New York Times because they want to read good journalism. Open Source Software (OSS) is software that is provided free by a manufacturer that gives the same opportunity to the end users as commercial software. Linux is one good example because it is a group of software programs that many schools have used instead of Microsoft products. The reason OSS is popular is because there are no licensing agreements that must be updated yearly and schools can make as many copies as necessary; faculty and students can also copy this software to their home computers. Shirkey says that OSS is more an ecosystem that can tolerate mista kes easier than commercial software systems. Because Linux uses source codes and the company gives the codes to users, people can customize the software to meet the organizations’ needs. The history of OSS shows that it will not take over commercial software because it still has some challenges. Shirky continually showed how different types of OSS was used but how it was given as an alternative for organizations who did not have the money to

Analysis of Medical Errors Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Analysis of Medical Errors - Research Paper Example   The issue is heavily laden with the emotional and fiscal burden as patients must be aware of their treatment progress and any mistakes that have been made while hospitals and doctors have a very real need to protect themselves from lawsuits and protect their credibility. At the same time, it is difficult for many doctors to have to face the fact that in the course of attempting to improve health, they may have inadvertently made it worse and then to try to communicate this failing to the patients who have trusted them. While it seems the greatest opinion among medical workers is that patients should be informed whenever mistakes have been made, the reality is that the medical profession has a large tendency to hide mistakes when possible so as to avoid unpleasantness.  Ã‚   In â€Å"Disclosing Medical Errors to Patients, †1 the authors point out the prevalence of avoidable error or ‘adverse events’ within the medical profession as being relatively high – 37 percent of the discovered cases in a Canadian study preventable. In response to this, â€Å"leaders in the patient-safety movement have called for the system defects that underlie most errors to be corrected, as well as improvement in the recognition and reporting of errors and the disclosure of harmful errors to patients and their families.†2 Benefits of full disclosure are outlined, such as patients having greater knowledge about their own treatment  and thus able to make more informed decisions and patients’ ability to participate in problem-solving techniques to prevent future errors from occurring again.  Ã‚  However, the article also points out the difficulty doctors have had in providing full disclosure.  Ã‚  

Competition Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Competition Law - Essay Example The important objectives of the practice of competition law are to ensure the entrepreneurs by providing the opportunity to compete in the market economy and protect the interest of the consumer welfare. This essay will discuss the purpose of competition law. Competition law is a law that focuses on the control of anti-competitive agreements, monopolies and mergers between organizations. This area of legal firmament also included cartels (LSE 1). Restrictive business practices can often lead to market failures. The failure in the market can be dealt by the competition law. There are several kinds of restrictive business practices that include abuse of dominance, cartelization, tie-in sales, predatory pricing, re-sale price maintenance etc. Before discussing the purpose of the competition law, it is vital to note the origin and history of the law. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, the competition law emerged. The competition law was first enacted in the United States. The Sherman Act of 1890 is the first Federal Statute. This act was enacted to tackle monopolies and oligopolistic cartels. In the wake of Industrial Revolution, the large trusts were formed. This act emerged against the predations and supremacy of the huge trusts. The three major elements of modern competition law are merger control, anti-competitive agreements and abuse of dominance. Other important United States legislations were Hart-Scott-Rodino Act, the Clayton Act, the Robison-Patman Act and the Federal Trade Commission Act. The proliferation of competition law has not been only in North America and Europe but also around the globe. After the enactment, competition law became one of the crucial pillars of a market economy. The main purpose of the law is to maintain market competition and improve economic efficiency. It can be regarded as the force that drives companies to improve their efficiency. After enhancing the efficiency, it drives companies to pass its

It Consultation Essay Example for Free

It Consultation Essay

Product Review for Nike Fuel Band Essay Example for Free

Product Review for Nike Fuel Band Essay Im a number junkie, I love knowing exactly how many calories Im taking in, my macronutrient ratios and Id always wanted to know how many calories I burn on a daily basis. To feed my number addiction I typically weigh my food and prepare an entire days food in one sitting. With that said, being able to track my energy expenditure was very appealing to me. I came across an energy tracking product called Nike Fuel Band. Being able to get a rough idea of how many calories I burn throughout the day was exactly what a fitness nerd like me wanted to know. After using this product for three weeks, I am blown away by the total package of services this product offers. The Nike Fuel band is a wrist band that looks similar to a Live Strong bracelet that keeps track of all your daily activity. It has a built in screen that is comprised of a number of LEDs that can tell you how much Nike Fuel youve earned, how many calories youve burned, how many steps youve taken and the current time. The device also syncs with your phone, computer and Nike Plus account to keep track of your day to day activity. The packaging was very appealing; everything was nicely arranged so things didnt get deshuffled during shipping. I had almost no problems getting my Fuel band synced up to my computer or my iPhone. My band fit perfectly without having to add the supplied extra link and was able to start burning fuel right away. Once I got it going there is a single button on the device that if clicked will scroll through four different options; fuel, calories, steps and time. The time is also really convenient if you would rather where the band than a watch. The product itself is slightly larger than your standard silicone wrist band that people still seem to be wearing. Nike fuel is Nikes proprietary measurement of energy expenditure which is supposed to be a universal measurement. For me personally Ive noticed that three Nike Fuel points equates to about one calorie. After using my Nike Fuel Band for about three weeks I found I pay attention to both the fuel as well as the calories. It is definitely useful for comparing activity with friends, as if you have different height and weight your caloric expenditure will be way off. There are two things about the Fuel Band that I wish were a little different. While the device is able to be worn in the shower, it is not recommended to take the product swimming. I go swimming a lot so it was a bit of an inconvenience for me not to have this on to rate my performance. I would have also liked to see the Fuel Band have the ability to monitor heart rate. The Band fits very snug to my wrist, so I would think that tracking my pulse wouldnt have added too many extra dollars in electronics. By tracking heart rate Nike would have had another variable to more accurately track activity levels. This would have improved their ability to measure fuel in activities that are more static like Yoga or Weight Lifting. After using my Nike Fuel band for three weeks, I absolutely love it. While it may not be flawless in terms of calculating caloric expenditure, it does a better job than anything else out there when you compare the convenience factor of having a small bracelet attached to your wrist. This product has definitely changed my life, if Im a few hundred fuel points away from my daily goals, I go walk around the block to make sure I hit the goals Ive set forth for myself. In contrast, if Ive had a busy day and burned enough fuel through chores, I dont have to waste my time going to the gym. The Fuelband takes the guessing game out of the equation and I love it.

Role of Medicinal Plants for Health

Role of Medicinal Plants for Health General The use of natural products with therapeutic properties is as ancient as human civilization. For a very long time, mineral, plant and animal products were the main sources of drugs [1].The use of complementary medicine to alleviate and improve health conditions is increasing in developed countries [2]. New medicinal plants from different parts of the world are being investigated with this purpose in mind [3]. Although the utilization of botanicals has increased in the western world, there is a lack of information about mechanisms of action and potential differences among species within the same genus [4]. Now-a-days, several plants have been identified for their anticancer and anti-inflammatory compounds. Scientific experiments on the anticancer properties of plants and their components have been detected. Herbal medicines have been the basis of treatment and cure for various diseases and physiological conditions in traditional methods practiced such as ayurveda, unani and siddha. However no systematic studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the formulations from the plant were undertaken. Also no attempts were made to isolate and identify the active principles involved in these effects [5]. As an evolutionary response plants were obliged to produce and store a wide range of organic molecules. These substances are usually termed as secondary metabolites (SM). Some of these compounds are involved in the survival of the plants as a defense mechanism against natural enemies. Many SM could actively interact with targets in the human body inducing a bioactivity of interest [6]. The bioactive compounds of medicinal plants are used as anti-diabetic, chemotherapeutic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic agents where no satisfactory cure is present in modern medicines. The use of plants for medicinal purposes dates back to antiquity because they contain components of therapeutic value [7]. Medicinal plants are cheaper and more accessible to most of the population in the world. The acceptance of traditional medicine as an alternative form of health care and the development of microbial resistance to the available antibiotics has led researchers to investigate various therapeutic uses of medicinal plants [8]. Therefore, the quest for plants with medicinal properties continues to receive attention as scientists are in need of plants, particularly of ethno botanical significance for a complete range of biological activities, which ranges from antibiotic to anti-cancerous [9]. Bangladesh features a sub-tropical climate and low-lying landmass largely adjacent to extensive river deltas. The country comprises very fertile soils and is home to some rare ecosystems such as the Sundarbans mangrove forests. Given the fertile plains and high population density, the indigenous vegetation has mostly given way to cropland and extensive cultivation. Today, almost 60% of the landmass is used for farming, which is a global maximum value. However, originally large parts of Bangladesh featured tropical forests and marshy jungle with highly bio-diverse flora being also an excellent source for medicinal plants. The Bangladeshi traditional medicine is a unique conglomerate of different ethnomedical influences. Due to the geographic location and sociocultural characteristics of the country, it involves traditionally rooted elements influenced by local indigenous people and close-by Indian Ayurveda and Unani medicine [10, 11]. Given its inexpensive, easily accessible and well-established health services, the use of traditional medicine is an integral part of public health services in Bangladesh with its providers being deeply embedded within the local community [12-14]. Recent data suggest that the utilization of traditional medicine health services in Bangladesh is widespread [15] and plays a crucial role in providing health care for poor people, people in rural areas and for tribal people [16]. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of medicinal plants The anti-oxidative activity has been confirmed contributing kinds of cancer and inflammatory preventions for its multiple functional roles. The production of oxidants is a typical event associated with aerobic metabolism. When oxygen is supplied in excess or its reduction is insufficient, reactive oxygen species or free radicals such as superoxide anions, hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide are generated [17]. Accumulation of the free radicals in body organs or tissues can cause oxidative damage to biomolecules and membranes of cell, eventually leading to many chronic diseases, such as inflammatory, cancer, diabetes, aging, cardiac dysfunction and other degenerative diseases [18]. In the last 50 years, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of extracts from medicinal or food plants have been extensively investigated. Many pharmacological studies have shown that extracts of some antioxidant plant possess anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, anti-muta genic and anti-viral activities to a greater or lesser extent. Researchers reported that intake of fruits, vegetables and other foods having high antioxidant activity has been associated with reduced risks of cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and other diseases [17]. Trouillas et al. investigated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties of sixteen French herbal tea and found some herbs exhibited high antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities [19]. Antioxidant activities in twenty traditional anti-inflammatory herbs extracts were investigated. The results suggested that the anti-inflammatory activities of these extracts could be explained, at least in part, by their antioxidant properties [20]. Free radicals liberated from phagocyte cells are important in inflammatory processes, because they are implicated in the activation of nuclear factor kB, which induces the transcription of inflammatory cytokines and cyclooxygenase-2 [21 ]. Free radicals and oxidative stress Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a term that encompasses all highly reactive, oxygen containing molecules, including free radicals. Types of ROS include the hydroxyl radical, the superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, nitric oxide radical, hypochlorite radical, and various lipid peroxides. All are capable of reacting with membrane lipids, nucleic acids, proteins and enzymes, and other small molecules, resulting in cellular damage. ROS are generated by a number of pathways. Most of the oxidants produced by cells occur as: A consequence of normal aerobic metabolism: approximately 90% of the oxygen utilized by the cell is consumed by the mitochondrial electron transport system. Oxidative burst from phagocytes (white blood cells) as part of the mechanism by which bacteria and viruses are killed, and by which foreign proteins (antigens) are denatured. Xenobiotic metabolism, i.e., detoxification of toxic substances. Consequently, things like vigorous exercise, which accelerates cellular metabolism; chronic inflammation, infections, and other illnesses; exposure to allergens and the presence of leaky gut syndrome; and exposure to drugs or toxins such as cigarette smoke, pollution, pesticides, and insecticides may all contribute to an increase in the bodys oxidant load [22]. Most reactive oxygen species are generated as by-products during mitochondrial electron transport. In addition ROS are formed as necessary intermediates of metal catalyzed oxidation reactions. Atomic oxygen has two unpaired electrons in separate orbits in its outer electron shell. This electron structure makes oxygen susceptible to radical formation. The sequential reduction of oxygen through the addition of electrons leads to the formation of a number of ROS including: superoxide; hydrogen peroxide; hydroxyl radical; hydroxyl ion; and nitric oxide. Free radicals and other ROS are derived either from normal essential metabolic processes in the human body or from external sources such as exposure to X-rays, ozone, cigarette smoking, air pollutants, and industrial chemicals. Free radical formation occurs continuously in the cells as a consequence of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions. Enzymatic reactions, which serve as source of free radicals, include those involved in the respiratory chain, in phagocytosis, in prostaglandin synthesis, and in the cytochrome P-450 system. Free radicals can also be formed in non-enzymatic reactions of oxygen with organic compounds as well as those initiated by ionizing reactions. Some internally generated sources of free radicals are Mitochondria, Xanthine oxidase, Peroxisomes, Inflammation, Phagocytosis, Arachidonate pathways, Exercise, Ischemia/reperfusion injury etc. Some externally generated sources of free radicals are- Cigarette smoke, Environmental pollutants, Radiation, Certain drugs, pesticides, Industrial solvents, Ozone etc. Normally, cells defend themselves against ROS damage with enzymes such as alpha-1-microglobulin, superoxide dismutases, catalases, lactoperoxidases, glutathione peroxidases and peroxiredoxins. Small molecule antioxidants such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C), tocopherol (vitamin E), uric acid, and glutathione also play important roles as cellular antioxidants. In a similar manner, polyphenol antioxidants assist in preventing ROS damage by scavenging free radicals. In contrast, the antioxidant ability of the extracellular space is less e.g., the most important plasma antioxidant in humans is uric acid. Effects of ROS on cell metabolism are well documented in a variety of species. These include not only roles in apoptosis (programmed cell death) but also positive effects such as the induction of host defense genes and mobilization of ion transport systems. This implicates them in control of cellular function. In particular, platelets involved in wound repair and blood homeostasis release ROS to recruit additional platelets to sites of injury. These also provide a link to the adaptive immune system via the recruitment of leukocytes. Reactive oxygen species are implicated in cellular activity to a variety of inflammatory responses including cardiovascular disease. They may also be involved in hearing impairment via cochlear damage induced by elevated sound levels, in ototoxicity of drugs such as cisplatin, and in congenital deafness in both animals and humans. ROS are also implicated in mediation of apoptosis or programmed cell death and ischemic injury. Specific examples include stroke and heart attack. All the biological molecules present in our body are at risk of being attacked by free radicals. Such damaged molecules can impair cell functions and even lead to cell death eventually resulting in diseased states. In recent years it has become apparent that the oxidation of lipids, or lipid peroxidation, is a crucial step in the pathogenesis of several disease states in adult and infant patients. Lipid peroxidation is a process generated naturally in small amounts in the body, mainly by the effect of several reactive oxygen species (hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide etc.). It can also be generated by the action of several phagocytes. These reactive oxygen species readily attack the polyunsaturated fatty acids of the fatty acid membrane, initiating a self-propagating chain reaction. The destruction of membrane lipids and the end-products of such lipid peroxidation reactions are especially dangerous for the viability of cells, even tissues [23-25]. Membrane lipids present in subcellular organelles are highly susceptible to free radical damage. Lipids when reacted with free radicals can undergo the highly damaging chain reaction of lipid peroxidation (LP) leading to both direct and indirect effects. During LP a large number of toxic byproducts are also formed that can have effects at a site away from the area of generation, behaving as second messengers. The damage caused by LP is highly detrimental to the functioning of the cell [26]. Lipid peroxidation is a free radical mediated process. Initiation of a peroxidative sequence is due to the attack by any species, which can abstract a hydrogen atom from a methylene group (CH2), leaving behind an unpaired electron on the carbon atom (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢CH). The resultant carbon radical is stabilized by molecular rearrangement to produce a conjugated diene, which then can react with an oxygen molecule to give a lipid peroxyl radical (LOOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢). These radicals can further abstract hydrogen atoms from other lipid molecules to form lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) and at the same time propagate LP further. The process of LP, gives rise to many products of toxicological interest like malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and various 2-alkenals. Isoprostanes are unique products of lipid peroxidation of arachidonic acid and recently tests such as mass spectrometry and ELISA-assay kits are available to detect isoprostanes [27]. Oxidation of proteins by ROS/RNS can generate a range of stable as well as reactive products such as protein hydroperoxides that can generate additional radicals particularly upon interaction with transition metal ions. Although most oxidized proteins that are functionally inactive are rapidly removed, some can gradually accumulate with time and thereby contribute to the damage associated with ageing as well as various diseases. Lipofuscin, an aggregate of peroxidized lipids and proteins accumulates in lysosomes of aged cells and brain cells of patients with Alzheimers disease [28]. Inflammation Inflammation is one of the body unique mechanisms that help body to protect itself against infection, burn, toxic chemicals, allergens or other noxious stimuli [29]. It is a body defense reaction in order to eliminate or limit the spread of injurious agent [30]. The process is created by immune cells invading the tissue like an army in full battle mode [31]. There are various components of inflammatory reaction that can contribute to the associated symptoms and tissue injury [30]. During inflammation, innate cells and molecules are usually stimulated to isolate, destroy infectious agents and repair tissue, or sometimes the adaptive immune system is also stimulated [32]. Consequently, the mechanism works in a cascade, where the inflammation is often triggered by circulating immune complexes that enter tissues [31]. Principally, inflammation is manifested by pain, swelling, redness band loss of function in the afflicted tissue [31, 33]. Saladin (2007) categorized process of inflammation into three major processes; mobilization of the bodys defenses, containment and destruction of pathogens, and tissue clean up and repair [34]. While Mahat and Patil (2007) classified the process into three phases; the first phase is caused by an increase in vascular permeability, the second one by infiltration of leukocytes and the third one by granuloma formation [30]. The inflammatory response is initiated by circulating proteins and blood cells when they contact invaders in the tissue. Microbial invaders that lodge in body tissue and begin to proliferated triggered inflammatory response [33]. Bacterial products interact with plasma factors and cells to produce agents that attract neutrophils to the infected area (chemotaxis). The chemotactic agents, which are part of a large family of chemokines, include a component of the complement system (C5a), histamine, kinins, leukotrienes, and polypeptides from lymphocytes, mast cells, and basophils [35]. The neutrophils also produce oxidants and release granular constituents comprising of lytic enzymes performing important role in inflammatory injury [36]. The innate immune system contributes to inflammation by activating the alternative and lechitin-binding complement pathways, attracting and activating phagocytic cells that secrete cytokines and chemokines, activating NK cells, altering vas. The result would firstly be increased in blood flow to the affected tissue which accelerates the delivery of immune system element to the site [33]. The vasodilation would later cause enlarged capillaries and lead to redness (erythema) as well as increase in temperature, which for an influx of fluid and cells, contributing to swelling [32]. Saladin (2007) explained that the increased in blood flow also washes toxin and metabolic wastes from the tissue rapidly. In addition, vasoactive chemicals cause endothelial cells of the blood capillaries to separate a little, widening the intracellular cleft between them and increasing capillary permeability that ease the movement of fluid, leukocytes, and plasma proteins from the bloodstream into the surrounding tissue [34]. In the area of injury, many of the neutrophils enter the tissues. As neutrophils encounter bacteria, they avidly phagocytize, digest and destroy them. Neutrophils also recruit macrophages and additional neutrophils by secreting cytokines [33]. Activated macrophages and T cells in the inflamed tissue also secrete cytokines called colony stimulation factors, which promotes the production of more leukocytes by the red bone marrow. Within a few hours of inflammation, neutrophilia (the rise in the neutrophil count in blood) would occur [37]. Then, the neutrophils are attracted to the endothelial surface by selectins, and they roll along it. They bind firmly to neutrophil adhesion molecules of the integrin family. They next insinuate themselves through the walls of the capillaries between endothelial cells by a process called diapedesis [35]. Leukocytes adhere loosely to the selectins and slowly tumble along the endothelium, sometimes coating it so thick that they obstruct blood flow. This adherence to the vessel wall is called margination [38]. Later, the fibrinogens are filtered into the tissue fluid clots in area adjacent to the injury, forming a sticky mesh that sequesters bacteria and other microbes [34]. This is caused by release of chemicals from tissues and migrating cells. Most strongly implicated are the prostaglandins (PGs), leukotrienes (LTs), histamine, bradykinin, platelet- activating factor (PAF) and interleukin-1 [39]. Prostaglandin is implicated in inducing the production of various chemo-attractants and pro-inflammatory cytokines [36]. Gislason (2009) mentioned that macrophages and neutrophils are responsible to secrete a number of mediators which is responsible not just for initiation, but also for progression and persistence of acute or chronic state of inflammation [31]. Finally, monocytes acts as the major agent in tissue clean up and repair. It enters the blood from the bone marrow and circulated for about 72 hours. Then, they enter the tissues and become tissue macrophage. The macrophage becomes activated by lympokines from T lymphocytes [35]. The activated macrophage migrate in respond to chemotactic stimuli and later engulf and destroy bacteria, damaged host cells, as well as dead and dying neutrophils. Besides that, it also acts as antigen presenting cells and activating specific immune response [34]. Edema may also contribute to the tissue clean up. Nitric oxide is responsible for vasodilatation, increase in vascular permeability and edema formation at the site of inflammation [36]. The swelling compresses veins and reduce venous drainage, while it forces open the valve of lympathic capillaries and promote lympathic drainage. The lymphatics can collect and remove bacteria, dead cells, proteins and tissue debris better than blood capillary can. An accumulation of dead cells of neutrophils with other debris tissue and fluid will form pus, a yellowish fluid. It may accumulate in the tissue cavity and known as abcess [32]. Pus is usually absorbed, but sometimes it may be released by its rupture. Blood platelets and the endothelial cells in an area of injury secrete platelet derived growth factor, an agent that stimulates fibroblast to multiply and synthesize collagen. Hyperemia at the same time delivers the oxygen, amino acids and other necessities of protein synthesis, while the hea t of inflamed tissue increases metabolic rate and speed of mitosis and tissue repair. The fibrin clot in inflamed tissues may provide a scaffold for tissue reconstruction [34]. In part, inflammation declines simply because the mediators of inflammation have short half-lives, are degraded after their release, and are produced in quick bursts, only as long as the stimulus persists. In addition as inflammation develops, the process also triggers a variety of stop signals that serve to actively terminate the reaction [38]. Anti-inflammatory Activity Anti-inflammatory refers to the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation. Anti-inflammatory drugs make up about half of analgesics, remedying pain by reducing inflammation as opposed to opioids, which affect the central nervous system. Drugs to control inflammation When healing is complete, the inflammatory process usually subsides [32]. However, an uncontrolled and persistent inflammation that sometimes is triggered by harmless agent such pollen or by an auto immune response. It may act as an etiologic factor for many of these chronic illnesses, where it may induce, maintain or aggravate the disease [29]. As mentioned, the inflammation would occur with the presence of antigen. Thus, constant supply of antigen is available from the food or environment may leads to chronic inflammation and causes diseases such as asthma, arthritis and other autoimmune diseases [31]. In such cases, the defense reaction themselves may cause progressive tissue injury. Hence, anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive drugs may be necessary to modulate the inflammatory process [37]. Anti-inflammatory drugs are designed to targets the inhibition of the release of these mediators to control inflammation [36]. Harvey and Champe (2008) have classified anti-inflammatory drugs into three category; Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors (COX-2 inhibitors) and other analgesics [32]. Aspirin is a prototype of traditional NSAIDs. It works by irreversibly inhibit Cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX-1 and 2) enzymes, which results in decreased formation of prostaglandin precursors [40]. Due to this mechanism of action, aspirin also cause adverse effects such as gastric hemorrhages, hypersensitivity and thrombocytopenia [41]. It is becoming a concern of healthcare providers that patients are developing intolerance from day to day. About fifteen percent of patients show intolerance with aspirin. Therefore, newer NSAIDs with greater anti-inflammatory activities are developed. However, the newer NSAIDs are considerably more expensive than aspirin and some have proved to be more toxic in the other way [32]. The second category is COX-2 inhibitor. The mechanism of action is by selectively inhibiting the activity of COX-2 enzyme that results in decreased of prostaglandin precursors [37]. Unlike aspirin, COX-2 inhibitors have an advantage by showing lower risk of developing gastrointestinal bleeding and have no significant effects on platelets [42]. However, this drug is not recommended for renal impaired patients because it may cause renal insufficiency and increase the risk of hypertension [40]. It also has some possible adverse effects recorded in Malaysian Index of Medical Specialities (MIMS) that it may cause allergic reaction, dizziness, headache, rash, upper respiratory infection and gastrointestinal disturbances such as dyspepsia, abdominal pain and diarrheas [41]. Acetaminophen is categorized under other analgesic because it has little or no anti-inflammatory activity [32]. It inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandin in the central nervous system and peripherally blocks pain impulse generations [40]. They have therapeutic advantages over narcotic analgesics which they do not cause physical dependence or tolerance and does not affect platelet function or increase blood clotting time, but it does have many of side effects similar to aspirin [42]. Rarely, skin rash and allergic reaction may appear as the side effects [41]. There are also drugs from autacoids antagonist such as antihistamines used to prevent progress of inflammation. The term antihistamine, without a modifying adjective, refers to the classic H1 receptor blockers [32]. H1 histamine antagonists drugs are develop effectively to target the receptors to treat hay fever and some skin allergies such as urticaria. H1 receptor blockers act on immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody-sensitizing mast cell [37]. Rheumatoid arthritis is alleviated by drugs, which inhibit the cyclooxygenase enzyme and reduce synthesis of prostanoids, corticosteroids prevent the formation of both prostaglandins and leukotriens by causing the release of lipocortin that leads to inhibition of phospholipase A2 that reduces arachidonic acid release which is able to suppress the inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis and asthma [39]. Anti-cytokines therapy involving target on Interleukin-1b (IL-1b) and tumor necrosis factor-ÃŽÂ ± (TNF-ÃŽÂ ±) that stimulate synovial cells to proliferate and synthesize collagenase, leading to degradation of cartilage, stimulation of bone resorption, and inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis is another method that is effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis [32]. Despite the benefits that the drugs hold, it also carries the side effects. As a result, it may lead various unwanted effects such as to gastric lesions, allergy reactions, tolerance and dependence, as well as resistance [40, 43]. Hence, worldwide researchers are still working to produce the ideal medicines of anti-inflammatory with highest efficacy, best potency and lowest or none side effects. Description of the plant investigated Bauhinia acuminata L. is a species of flowering shrub native to tropical southeastern Asia. The exact native range is obscure due to extensive cultivation, but probably from Malaysia, Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Kalimantan, Lesser Sunda Islands), and the Philippines. It is widely cultivated throughout the tropics as an ornamental plant. It may be found as an escape from cultivation in some areas, and has become naturalized on the Cape York Peninsula, Australia [44]. Common Name Bangla: Shwet Kanchan. Malaysian: Bunga Perak. English: Dwarf White Bauhinia, White Mountain Ebony [45]. Indonesian: Panawar Saribu (Sunda Islands); Kupu-kupu (Java) Thailand: Ka Long, SomSio Burma: Mahahlegabyu India: Kaanchnaara, Kovidaara (Ayurvedic); Kachnaal (Unani); Vellaimandarai (Siddha/Tamil); Kanchan (Assam); Shwetkachnar, Kachnalsafaid (Punjab) Sri Lanka: Sudu Kobalila (Singhalese) Japan: Moku-wan-ju. Taxonomical Hierchy: Kingdom : Plantae Subkingdom : Viridaeplantae Infrakingdom : Streptophyta Division : Tracheophyta Subdivision : Spermatophytina Infradivision : Angiosperms Class : Eudicots Superorder : Rosids Order : Fabales Family : Fabaceae Subfamily : Caesalpiniaceae Genus : Bauhinia Species : B. acuminata Binomial name : Bauhinia acuminata L. Botanical Description: Fig.-1.1: Bauhinia acuminata L. tree. Bauhinia acuminata L. is a member of the Fabaceae family. It is a rapidly growing shrub that can reach up to 3m tall. It rises with several strong, smooth, upright stems with many slender branches; young twigs being pubescent. The stipules are linear-lanceolate measures 1cm long. The leaves are cordate or nearly so are the base, bilobed to about one third of their length with obtuse or acute lobes 9-11 nerve, sparsely pubescent beneath, about 10cm long and broad. The flowers appear at the extremities of the branches 3-4 in a loose bunch with white petals. Thepedicels measure 6-12mm long. The flower buds fusiform, long attenuate at the apex and 5 setaceous dents, measures 3cm long. The calyx-limb laterally splitting, spathaceous; receptacle short. The petals obovate, measure 4cm long and 2cm wide. The stamens 10 all fertile, shorter than the petals; anthers small.The ovary shortly stipitate, sparsely pubescent. The pods are linear-oblong, stipitate, measure 10cm long and 1.5cm wide, d ark brown in colour containing 10 roundish compressed seeds [46, 47]. Traditional uses of Bauhinia acuminata L. The bark and leaves in a decoction helps relieve biliousness [48]. A remedy recommended by the Indian Vaiydas [45]. In Malaysia and Indonesia the plant is used in the treatment of common cold and cough [48]. The root seems to be the part made used of by the Japanese in treating cough and cold. In India the decoction of the leaves and bark is given for allying asthmatic attack. The Indians made used of the bark and leaves in a decoction to treat stones in the bladder, venereal diseases and leprosy [45]. Amongst the Mullu kuruma tribe of Karella the decoction of the bark is used in treating urinary discharge (gonorrhea). They make use of paste of the leaves applied on the throat for throat troubles. It is applied externally to treat skin diseases [49]. The root is boiled in oil and applied to burns and pain [45]. Objective of study To evaluate the free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activity of Bauhinia acuminata L. bark extracts in rats. Significance of study Bauhinia acuminata L. is one of the

John Fords The Searchers Essay -- Film Movies

John Ford's The Searchers A critical theory by Robin Wood posits that the filmic genres popularized by the Hollywood system are not "discrete", but represent "different strategies for dealing with the same ideological tensions." (478) Wood claims that conventional theories fail to address this ideological phenomenon, and proposes a search for the myths and contradictions, produced by American capitalism, which fuel disparate filmic genres. Wood's attempt to discuss this ideology lists the "components" of a definition of "American capitalist ideology." (476) One component is the character of "the ideal male", the potent hero of the American way. (477) As the films produced out of capitalism tend to uphold the system's ideology, the hero produced by the film tends to represent the values of this ideology. Thus, through its hero, the classic Western naturalizes and justifies the "taming" of the land and the consequent subjugation of its "libidinous" native people in order to build "civilization." (476) However, genre films are only potent because of the potentially subversive "intervention of a clearly defined artistic personality in an ideological-generic structure." (479) In The Searchers, John Ford manipulates the traditional relationship between hero, text, and ideology to challenge the dominant values of American society. The viewer initially identifies with the conventional character of Ethan Edwards, but is gradually forced to reject this "hero" and his values, and to regard Martin Pawley, a representative of more liberal beliefs, as the new-order "ideal male." Martin is both an indicator of how the audience should react to Ethan's extremist tendencies, and an alternative to them. Through the rejection of Ethan, in fav... ..., even as a victim of the psychological reach of the expansionist credo. Clearly, revealing the damage done by the capitalist ideology, whether individual or social, in the frontier society of 1868, or in the "separate but equal" context of 1956, was important to the director. Fortunately, Wood's theory, examining the new meaning created by the juxtaposition of the thesis of a preexistent text with the antithetical views of the auteur, reaffirms Ford's success, and the potence of the genre film. Works Cited Warshow, Robert. "Movie Chronicle: The Westerner." Film Theory and Criticism. Ed. Braudy, Leo, Marshall Cohen and Gerald Mast. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. (453-466) Wood, Robin. "Ideology, Genre, Auteur." Film Theory and Criticism. Ed. Braudy, Leo, Marshall Cohen and Gerald Mast. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. (453-466) John Ford's The Searchers Essay -- Film Movies John Ford's The Searchers A critical theory by Robin Wood posits that the filmic genres popularized by the Hollywood system are not "discrete", but represent "different strategies for dealing with the same ideological tensions." (478) Wood claims that conventional theories fail to address this ideological phenomenon, and proposes a search for the myths and contradictions, produced by American capitalism, which fuel disparate filmic genres. Wood's attempt to discuss this ideology lists the "components" of a definition of "American capitalist ideology." (476) One component is the character of "the ideal male", the potent hero of the American way. (477) As the films produced out of capitalism tend to uphold the system's ideology, the hero produced by the film tends to represent the values of this ideology. Thus, through its hero, the classic Western naturalizes and justifies the "taming" of the land and the consequent subjugation of its "libidinous" native people in order to build "civilization." (476) However, genre films are only potent because of the potentially subversive "intervention of a clearly defined artistic personality in an ideological-generic structure." (479) In The Searchers, John Ford manipulates the traditional relationship between hero, text, and ideology to challenge the dominant values of American society. The viewer initially identifies with the conventional character of Ethan Edwards, but is gradually forced to reject this "hero" and his values, and to regard Martin Pawley, a representative of more liberal beliefs, as the new-order "ideal male." Martin is both an indicator of how the audience should react to Ethan's extremist tendencies, and an alternative to them. Through the rejection of Ethan, in fav... ..., even as a victim of the psychological reach of the expansionist credo. Clearly, revealing the damage done by the capitalist ideology, whether individual or social, in the frontier society of 1868, or in the "separate but equal" context of 1956, was important to the director. Fortunately, Wood's theory, examining the new meaning created by the juxtaposition of the thesis of a preexistent text with the antithetical views of the auteur, reaffirms Ford's success, and the potence of the genre film. Works Cited Warshow, Robert. "Movie Chronicle: The Westerner." Film Theory and Criticism. Ed. Braudy, Leo, Marshall Cohen and Gerald Mast. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. (453-466) Wood, Robin. "Ideology, Genre, Auteur." Film Theory and Criticism. Ed. Braudy, Leo, Marshall Cohen and Gerald Mast. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. (453-466)

A Deep Look At Elisa Allen in Steinbecks The Chrysanthemums Essay

The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck is not just a simple short story. Yes it is a short story about a country housewife that lives a boring life and grows beautiful flowers. She is then mislead to believe that a perfect stranger has interest in her flowers and is moved to reveal to him her secrets in growing them and even give him not only some of her prized shoots from the flowers but also some work so that he is given what he originally wanted. She then finds her shoots thrown haphazardly on the side of the road. She begins to ask for wine and becomes very saddened and begins to weep. On the surface it seems like a very superficial story about how a woman could be deceived by a man into believing that he has interest in what she can accomplish. However when one reads the story from a higher critical perspective, especially the last line one realizes how deeply profound the story really is. The last line of the story where the main character Elisa Allen declares that a little wine will be enough and she begins to cry like an old woman reveals that she has grudgingly accepted her lot in life and accepts that she can only experience so much fulfillment due to her position in society and the fact that it has stolen her youth and left her a bitter old woman. Elisa Allen is a strong hardworking woman that is very skilled at growing Chrysanthemums. Her husband recognizes her skill however he does not truly appreciate what is behind it. He instead attempts to encourage her to use her skills for a more practical and therefore supposedly more meaningful endeavor such as growing apple trees. â€Å"Her husband, Henry Allen does not understand her mind; his interest is focused not on the point that she likes to grow it but on the possibility o... ...en, as even her husband had made a joke about taking her there. However she desires to go and although envisioning such bloodshed repulses her it is also alluring. â€Å"In other words, the imbalance between the relatively restricted setting and Elisa's vaulting desire to wander into the unknown territory is chiefly designed to strengthen the overall imagery of Elisa, whose drive to experience the violent outer world.† (Compare Contrast Essay) So she decides to ask if she can have some wine instead and hopes for the excitement it might be able to bring although she knows that whatever momentary excitement it might bring it is not lasting. The next day she will continue to be a bored house wife, with a husband that largely ignores her and is boring and content. Even what she has to work on, the source of pride in her life the Chrysanthemums are meaningless. So she weeps. A Deep Look At Elisa Allen in Steinbeck's The Chrysanthemums Essay The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck is not just a simple short story. Yes it is a short story about a country housewife that lives a boring life and grows beautiful flowers. She is then mislead to believe that a perfect stranger has interest in her flowers and is moved to reveal to him her secrets in growing them and even give him not only some of her prized shoots from the flowers but also some work so that he is given what he originally wanted. She then finds her shoots thrown haphazardly on the side of the road. She begins to ask for wine and becomes very saddened and begins to weep. On the surface it seems like a very superficial story about how a woman could be deceived by a man into believing that he has interest in what she can accomplish. However when one reads the story from a higher critical perspective, especially the last line one realizes how deeply profound the story really is. The last line of the story where the main character Elisa Allen declares that a little wine will be enough and she begins to cry like an old woman reveals that she has grudgingly accepted her lot in life and accepts that she can only experience so much fulfillment due to her position in society and the fact that it has stolen her youth and left her a bitter old woman. Elisa Allen is a strong hardworking woman that is very skilled at growing Chrysanthemums. Her husband recognizes her skill however he does not truly appreciate what is behind it. He instead attempts to encourage her to use her skills for a more practical and therefore supposedly more meaningful endeavor such as growing apple trees. â€Å"Her husband, Henry Allen does not understand her mind; his interest is focused not on the point that she likes to grow it but on the possibility o... ...en, as even her husband had made a joke about taking her there. However she desires to go and although envisioning such bloodshed repulses her it is also alluring. â€Å"In other words, the imbalance between the relatively restricted setting and Elisa's vaulting desire to wander into the unknown territory is chiefly designed to strengthen the overall imagery of Elisa, whose drive to experience the violent outer world.† (Compare Contrast Essay) So she decides to ask if she can have some wine instead and hopes for the excitement it might be able to bring although she knows that whatever momentary excitement it might bring it is not lasting. The next day she will continue to be a bored house wife, with a husband that largely ignores her and is boring and content. Even what she has to work on, the source of pride in her life the Chrysanthemums are meaningless. So she weeps.

Frankenstein :: essays research papers

Frankenstein   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Love is an aspiration based on admiration and benevolence. To love another is to admire them and to have a warm attachment to them. Many things in one’s life have the ability to cloud or cover up feelings of love. Things such as rage, hate, ugliness, and revenge. Despite these negative feelings and thoughts, love is present in every being, every animal, and anything that possesses the beautiful thing we call life, because to be alive is lovin’. There is an excellent book titled Frankenstein, written by Mary Shelley, that displays the use of unseen love to drive a creature to destruction, murder and, devastation. Can such a being who has committed so many acts of wretchedness contain such a feeling as love?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some people think that for such a being that love is not possible to obtain, and others will agree, but argue that although it may be impossible to obtain love from something , it is easy and very possible to have love for something. Throughout the whole novel, the monster talks of revenge on the doctor for making him live with his ugliness and being rejecting by people because of it. Even the doctor was frightened and ran away when he first saw his creation’s hideous looks and monstrous body. Right off the bat, the doctor could have killed the fiend and rid himself of it forever, but he didn’t. He knew that for him to kill this thing, it would be like killing his own beloved child. Seeing the reaction of Frankenstein and the other humans, the creature vowed to hunt down and destroy Victor for bestowing such looks upon this creature’s body. What the monster was looking for was love, and he never found any, but he had plenty. The monster loved Victor for letting him live. The monster didn’t know this until the end. He found out that to give someone life was to give them the ultimate show of affection and love. At anytime in the monster’s life he could have killed Victor, especially when he was weak. Victor said â€Å"...for I was a shattered wreck—the shadow of a human being; my strength was gone..†(page 175). If the monster was as mean and hateful as he appears, he could have crushed Victor with his enormous hands and unbelievable strength. Why didn’t he then, because to kill your creator is to kill yourself, plus you must love your creator for life.

Nypd Case

Columbia Business School Revised December 18, 2000 The New York City Police Department Patrol System The City of New York is divided into 73 precincts. These precincts are the basic managerial units for the operation of the familiar police patrol cars (called radio mobile patrols or RMPs) we see on the City streets. For staffing purposes the Police Department divides the day into three eight-hour tours of duty: 12 midnight to 8AM, 8AM to 4PM, and 4PM to 12 midnight. A particular police precinct such as the 26th, in which Columbia University stands, may have 6 patrol cars in the field during the typical 8-to-4 tour.In New York about 1200 cartours are fielded on an average day — about 200 on the 12 to 8 tour, about 400 on the 8 to 4 tour, and about 600 on the 4 to 12 tour. Most cars are staffed with two police officers. The primary tasks of the patrol cars are responding to emergencies that are phoned in by citizens via the 911 emergency telephone system and patrolling the stree ts. Annually, there are about 10 million calls received by the 911 system. Incidence of emergency calls is generally very unpredictable, but incidents are most prevalent in the early evening hours.Emergency incidents vary in severity and importance — ranging from reports of crimes in progress to complaints about loud neighbors. Roughly 10% of calls are potentially serious and get high priority from the police. When not responding to 911 calls, patrol cars patrol in their assigned neighborhoods, referred to as sectors. Each precinct typically has 4 to 8 sectors. â€Å"Back-office† operations for the 911 system are located in Police Headquarters in downtown Manhattan at One Police Plaza. Incoming 911 calls are handled by banks of telephone operators, grouped by borough.The operators screen the calls to determine whether or not they are legitimate police matters, and key in to the central computer system information about the time, location, and nature of the incident. If the incident was not previously reported, the information is electronically relayed to the police patrol dispatcher for the appropriate precinct. NYPD Patrol System Columbia Business School p. 1  © 1998, Linda V. Green – 67 – Dispatchers are civilians who are responsible for assigning patrol cars to 911 incidents in the precincts they handle.They also monitor the status of incidents and patrol cars and input all relevant information to the central computer system. Dispatchers are typically responsible for 2 or 3 contiguous precincts. When a dispatcher receives a new incident, the information is automatically added to a computer screen for that precinct, and the job is added to the dispatch queue in priority order. When a patrol car from the precinct is available, the dispatcher will assign it to the next job in the dispatch queue. If the incident is a dangerous one, more than one car may be dispatched.All communications are via radio When a car is dispatched to a jo b, it first travels to the scene of the incident. If the incident is still active, the officers perform whatever tasks are called for and, when done, write up required reports and radio to the dispatcher a final status code. The amount of service time per car per incident (including travel time) varies greatly from incident to incident, but overall it averages about 30 minutes. Allocation of the 1300 car-tours among the precincts is a complex and sensitive issue.Precincts vary greatly in population, physical area, frequency of 911 calls, incidence, and type of crime and special needs. Moreover, the rate and type of 911 calls may vary by day of the week and by season. For these reasons, allocations must be adjusted regularly, and thus it is necessary to have a fast and efficient computer-based method to help determine allocations. Fortunately, accurate data is readily available from the 911 computer system which records detailed information about each call. The table below illustrate s the type of data that is collected and used to help determine allocations for each 8 hour tour of duty.Though at any given point in time the total number of RMP’s is fixed, occasionally the city decides to either increase or cut the number, usually as a reflection of the financial status of the city. The marginal cost of adding a fully staffed car for one tour-of-duty for a year is approximately $300,000 ($230,000 of which is for labor). Suppose the city consists of only six precincts as shown in the table. Your assignment is to allocate patrol cars among these six precincts for the tour of duty described by these data.You may assume that, on average, a car spends 30 minutes on each call in each precinct. Furthermore, statistical analysis has shown that service times are well modeled by an exponential distribution. NYPD Patrol System Columbia Business School p. 2  © 1998, Linda V. Green – 68 – PRECINCT AVERAGE NO. CALLS/ HOUR 6. 4 3. 8 PERCENT OF CALLS HIGH PRIORITY 8. 2 7. 7 TOTAL FELONIES PER YEAR 10,600 6,600 SIZE (SQ. MI. ) 1. 9 . 8 A B C D E F 2. 6 3. 4 1. 5 6. 6 7. 3 13. 8 4. 0 12. 2 4,300 9,400 1,800 8,500 5. 2 1. 0 17. 0 1. 7 NYPD Patrol System Columbia Business School p. 3  © 1998, Linda V. Green – 69 – – 70 –

Of Mice and Men Discrimination

difference prove variation and prejudice references in the book, Of Mice and Men, ring on the s foreveral characters lives. The biggest impacts of contrast issuing its rest on confect, Crooks, Lennie, and Curleys married woman. whole of them be discriminated for different reasons. People be inured worse by the farm simply because they ar different. Candy is unmatchable of the oldest workers on the facing pages and struggles to keep up with the pace of the other workers. The other workers are younger, stronger, and more ener constrictic than Candy. Many of the spreading hands get half-baked at him and c alone him, Good for nothing. They call down rear end his back at what a dark worker he is. Candy provided having one hand slows him down ever more so. Candy knows that his days are coming and feels wish well he keept keep up. Added onto his inconsistency, is his best trembler attitude towards his old, smelly get behind. He tells the bedspread that the dog h as been working with him since he was a pup. He was the best dog he ever had. However, the workers say that the dog smells so bad that they have to leave whenever hes in Bunk House. This lastly leads up to the point until Carlson tells Candy he must take the dog verbotenback(a) where he will end his misery.Candy, after much persuasion, gives Carlson take the dog external(predicate) where it is shot. Candy falls into a distress because his best friend died. He feels next to death than ever and then halts his work. Candys concluding summation of discrimination leaves him depressed and friendless. Lennie and George are his best buds since his dog was shot, nevertheless they dont compare. Discrimination takes all the life and sweetness away from Candy. Crooks, being the only(prenominal) black patch on the counterpane gets some of the more or less discrimination. creation the 1930s, blacks were still considered to be short and not as smart as white sight.Many prejudice vox populis were fired remedy at Crooks. Crooks is the ranchs shelter human being. He works, sleeps, and lives in the stables. Crook too is handicap because a horse kicked him in the back leaving him in a permanent hunched position. Crooks is a long example showing his strength with his mind-over-matter defense. cattle farm hands ridicule him but he chooses what he lets bother him and simply ignores them. He is a wise old man that analogouss his space. He lives separate from everyone else on the ranch. The only mountain he ever let in his elbow room was Lennie and Slim.He felt up a deep connection with Lennie, he felt his innocence. This was the only reason he let him in. When Slim came along, he told Lennie that this was the origin cartridge holder he was ever allowed in Crooks room in years. Crooks is isolated from the workers and is not allow at the main building in the ranch, the Bunk House. The only time we see him hanging out with the workers besides in the stable was on Christmas when he went out drinking whiskey with them. Crooks is a appealing character because he deals with discrimination so well. It almost seems as though hes had so much of it, that he is immune to it now.Discrimination is definitely showed to Crooks but Crooks doesnt show any back. Lennie is the perfect mark of discrimination throughout the entire book. everywhere he goes, he is harassed and make fun of. This is to blame to his mental retardation. Being from the 1930s make it even worse because wad didnt know that he needed help rather than insults. countless characters take their anger out on Lennie. His biggest enemy is Curley. Curley naturally hates big people because hes jealous. When Lennie arrives on the ranch he instigates with him immediately.The boss also questions wherefore he doesnt talk. George takes his side all the time, which is why Lennie always looks up to him. George is in that respect for Lennie when other people dont understand. However, this puts a lot of stress on George and he eventually lets it out at the campfire when Lennie insists on having ketchup with his beans. What Lennie lacks in intelligence, he has a surplus of in pass and his great amount of work that he gets done. This saves him from being picked on for being shadowy and weak. At least he preempt defend himself at least when George is at that place to tell him.In an optimistic way of aspect at it, at least Lennie didnt die from discrimination abuse but rather lack of confidence and stupidity. The final character that was discriminated was Curleys wife. From the very first time we meet her, she was considered a tart. tout ensemble the men on the ranch tempered her disrespectfully because she was the sole woman on the ranch. All the men ignored her because they thought she was trashy. They occasionally cracked jokes between Curley and her. Although she wasnt treated well, sometimes she asked for it.She was very flirty with numerous of the workers ev en though she was married. It always seemed like Curley was looking for his wife or vice-versa. She showed her loneliness by trying to talk with George and Lennie. George was like the rest of the workers and paid no economic aid to her. Lennie likes to talk to her but George warns him. Eventually, when Curleys wife lets Lennie pet her hair, he gets nervous and unintentionally kills her. The discrimination lead her to someone she could talk to, Lennie, which in turn, killed her. This novel teaches the reader several(prenominal) things about discrimination.Most of the books events were based off a discriminating act. It seemed like these ranchers were all mad at someone and wanted to get the blame out on the soul they thought were different whether it be Lennie or Crooks or whoever. Discrimination takes its toll on people even if you dont realize it. It can hurt people who might not know what discrimination means. You should never discriminate anyone based on his or her appearance, intelligence or differences because everyone is different. Everyone has his or her own opinions and beliefs.Steinbeck wants people to see that you are just as different as anyone else and you should learn how to live and flourish in that environment than rather put people down and hate. People are treated worse by the ranch simply because they are different. The discrimination in the ranch took a toll on everyone modify by it. If people were more accept and aware, peoples lives could have been saved. Steinbeck shows the listening how they can learn and change by noticing how people are affected by discrimination even if they dont show it in front of you. Discrimination only brings problems and life would be best without it.

Persuasion

For any Idea, telling dialog and selling Is necessary in order to bow your target audience. Through means of systematic idea the communicator result appeal to reason and logic to tending change attitudes. or they may appeal to feeling and habit by means of heuristic opinion to change beliefs. Every communicator aims to gain dfferent and desired results. For example, gross r in timeue people, politicians, and leaders in other argonas solely leave different goals and audiences, but commit persuasion to their benefit. cultus leaders and other extremists in history confuse used persuasion to immerse ollowings and gain sociable loyalty.Over time they have evolved with different religious, political, and revolutionary motives. A cult by definition Is a petite religious group that is not divorce of a larger and more accepted religion and that has beliefs regarded by more people as extreme or dangerous. They are typic all(prenominal)y characterized by their distinct beliefs a nd rituals related to to devotion to a god or person, are isolated from their surrounding evil culture, and have a charismatic leader (Myers. 252). These charismatic leaders of will use persuasion to work out the intentions, attitudes. eliefs, behaviors. and motivations of different Individuals (Thoms and Walden, 2007).Vulnerability in the larger community is the maln reason Individuals find consolation in cults (Richard, 2010). Feelings of inferiority, ignorance, social threat, and other such factors influence an individuals ability to be persuaded into a cult. after a person converts into the beliefs and practices of the cult, the cults way of life becomes second nature. Isolation, and un-acceptance of the cults beliefs by the larger community makes leaving very difficult. there have been several great cults round the world, with effective leaders, including clergyman Sun Myung moonlight, Reverend Jim J one and only(a)s, and Marshall Applewhite.In 1954, Reverend Sun Myung mo onlight founded Unification perform in South Korea. Capitalizing on the problems of his time, Moons teachings viewed divided Korea as the frontline of the warfare between democracy and communism God and Satan. Moon claimed a vision he received at sixteen years old was what called him to complete the deliverer mission. His church preached a conservative, family-oriented value system and his exposition of the Bible. He argued that, Christ was crucified and died having ot completed the mission of marrying and acquire a perfect family (Dolan, 2000).Moon, a self-proclaimed Messiah, was to become conjure up to all of humanity. Moons teachings were to pledge obedience to him since he was the Messiah. He attracted a worldwide following through a mixture of Christianity, anticommunism, and glorification of himself as a the Nazarene (Myers, 252). Moons ability to persuade people was in the learn for a good family, which is a problem to many all everywhere the world (Thoms and Walden, 2 007). A ride for peace Is another tactic that Moon apply to pursue the beliefs of the cult.After being excommunicated by the Presbyterian Church, unification Church was characterized by numerous wedding presided by Moon. The ceremonies gained world-wide attention for joining thousands of Identically dressed brides and grooms. many of whom had never met 1 OF3 DeTore, In matrlmony. I ne grandeur 0T tne Dlesslng ceremonies was meant to craw survey attention to the Church, and highlighting its emphasis on traditional morality. They also brought Moon fame and notoriety. The church still exists and continues to teach its beliefs and practices all oer the world.In the 1970s Marshall Applewhite formed the cult Heavens Gate. Applewhite and middling Lu Nettles believed that they were The Two mention in the ledger of Revelation and that they were on an important spiritual mission. During a six month stay in prison Applewhite refined his beliefs. He termed a physiological and literal version of nirvana in outer space, where he came from, the Level Above Human. He and Nettles believed that they were sent to second others reach this next level. Applewhite taught his pursuit that the earth was to be recycled to a new clean state, and they ould ride the comet HaleBopp to heaven (Dolan, 2000).In Heavens Gates teachings, the human body was Just a vehicle and that to ascend from this world people had to separate from all that was human in them. This included their earthly call for and desires. Applewhite persuaded individuals through talks he gave around the boorish and through video and written testaments he provided. more than of the strength and influence Applewhite held was largely in part because he weeded out his pursuit. Although he gained a commode following, Applewhite frequently excommunicated members for even the most minor infractions.He relied on intimate numbers, and uniformity of the group to strengthen and preserve his message. Members all wo re baggy c crowdhing, had short hair, and were kept restless performing tasks for the group or trying to qualify their human nature (http//www. biography. com). In 1995, Applewhite believed the discovery of the Hale-Bopp comet was a sign that a spaceship was coming to precede them to the Next Level. Although many do not come across Heavens Gates drastic measures of leaving this earth, it is important to note that Applewhite did not subscribe to the typical understanding of felo-de-se.He and subsequently his followers believed that suicide was not taking the opportunity presented to them and or else waiting for the recycling of earth. In 1997, thirty-nine members, including Applewhite, poisoned themselves, clothing armbands and sneakers that said Heavens Gate Away Team (http//www. biography. com). rafts Temple founded by Reverend Jim Jones was meant to help the sick, homeless, and Jobless people of all races. In 1952 Jones Joined the Methodist Church and went on to gain a rep utation as a healer and evangelist.However, the churchs ack of interest in racial consolidation forced him to branch out on his own. After building a following by lecture on a local radio program, Jones moved, along with over one hundred church members, to California. People Temple members lived secluded lives in California, but were even further isolated when Jones moved them to a step up he purchased in Guyana (Dolan, 2000). While Applewhite and Moon appealed to their followers desire to belong and salvation, Jones relied heavily on threats and physical imprisonment. Comparable to a prison, followers were given ittle corroboratender and were not allowed to leave.Armed guards secured the compound and members were regularly forced to prove their loyalty during suicide drills (http// www. biography. com). Jim Jones faced a lot of scrutiny for reported widespread abuse to the members. A congresswoman and three Journalists were killed when they went to investigate the anuse clal ms ana attempted to aloe detectors. Altnougn Jones repeatedly tnreatenea mass suicide, it was not until the interference of American congressman Leo Ryan that he followed through. More than nine hundred people, including Jones and over wo hundred and fifty children, committed suicide by lethal beverage (Dolan, 2000).There are vary reasons why people Join cults all over the world. However, it is mostly brought about by lack of one or more social, spiritual and physical cheer (Richard, 2010). Social and religious beliefs are evidenced in the above cases. Cult leaders have charisma, and use alienation, exploitation, and totalitarian views to control the behavior of their group (Thoms and Walden, 2007). Propaganda, mass media, and many other ideas are used to stool heroic, idealized, and god-like images to influence and create converts.

Colonial Latin America

1. Chasteen states that by the later(a) nineteenth degree centigrade Latin the Statesn countries ended to follow Eng k outrightledge do main(prenominal), France or the US, countries that equated emanation. What signifi cannistert or technological transformations did Latin the Statesns face to realise harmonised to the imagination of betterment? Latin the States immov sufficient to associate with the approximation of make the intellection of universeness able to exporting their ingleside prominent goods.While Eng knowledge domain, France and the US, exported industrial machinery (because it was make in those countries) Latin the States obstinate they could not contest with those countries in inter transport machinery so they make their economies of merchandising inventory and unpolished goods. 2. How does the thinking of Progress occupy to what we present acquire almost neocolonialism? relieve. Neocolonialism and put across can consort because the r einvigorated countries that were make up of what at one sequence was Latin the States began to buzz off economic each(prenominal)y formerly this closure of untried colonies took place.All these tonic countries started progressing because they create their accept economies and politics. 3. jibe to Altamirano, what were the primary(prenominal) causes of the degeneracy and ineptness of towns uniform Texcoco? Altamirano, excuses that the master(prenominal) causes of the towns Texcoco were callable diverse changes akin the verbal expression and customs duty of the civilians. In addition, he withal blames the conquest of the Spaniards. 4. ground on Ignacio Manuel Altamiranos account about the squeeze of Texcoco, what transformations did railroads calculate to ingest brought to approximately regions of Latin the States?The railroads appeared to h nonagenarian back brought to n primordial regions of Latin the States transformations in the detail that they in stilled scent and vigor. In Texcoco it restored a background that had been trauma for a ample time. It was redemption for the Mexicans. 5. harmonise to Altamirano, the first-year arriver of the Spanish in Texcoco brought delegacyaries. What does he enunciate that the heartbeat Spanish commission to Texcoco has brought and how do the locals emotional state about it? The s Spanish mission to Texcoco brought credo of intelligence and nineteenth- deoxycytidine monophosphate civilization. 6. harmonise to Burns, what was the brilliance of drop for Latin the Statess rescue and golf club?The tear was of lumbering sizeableness to Latin Americas cabaret because their sparing thrived on the put down to obtain money. Latin Americas main outcome was all things rustic and homegrown. 7. The shibboleth of Mexican new Emiliano Zapata was nation and autonomy. Explain what did Zapata reckon by these toll? Zapata is advocating the channelise of bring in to the stat e of matterless. He believes everyone should lay down the fringe benefit of owning trim down. 8. What did Zapatas platform of Ayala peg down to procure? Zapatas aim of Ayala was to deduct land own by hacendados or the oppressors at the time and come about it to the citizens of Mexico. 9.Focusing on Ramon Betetas comments on agricultural crystalize, explain concisely what was the specialize of the Mexican peasants during the early twentieth century? Mexican peasants were tough but as bounteous as slaves. Mexicans were secondhand in the haciendas that were previously possess by them. 10. What changes did the agricultural neaten aim to let on? The agrarian crystallise was to change the old strategy of land holding. They believed in land diffusion to be in restitution, donation, and ampliation. 11. How is agrarian reform link up to agricultural takings? The land is being returned now more(prenominal) crops entrust be harvested and floriculture volition gro w.