Value and Risk Management in Construction Essay

Value and Risk Management in Construction - Essay Example The value management exercises are basically carried out first in order to determine an exact cause which is responsible for constituting the values to the business mainly from delivery of any project. A preferred option is also identified and together with all other risks, there is a great chance of it to occur if any particular option is implemented. (Office of government commerce, 2003) Risk management mainly includes all the activities that are required for the identification and control of the risks that are related to the option of the preferred project. Successful risk management also requires a senior management commitment along with ownership and a thorough understanding of the whole process and also an active risk management regime that is reviewed on daily basis in a much constructive culture. Attitudes to the risk are known to have a significant effect on the overall success of the projects being carried. For instance, the main objective related to ‘not failing†™ will surely have a low tolerance for the risks of all kinds. Conversely speaking, the objective of ‘succeeding’ will also encourage the participants to become more innovative and to take more risks where necessary and to make an effort for monitoring along with management of the recognized risks. (Office of government commerce, 2003) If the talk in detail about the risk management mainly in the construction projects of my country, USA, it mainly involves: a proper identification and assessment of the risks mainly in terms of its impact along with probability, proper establishment, and maintenance of the joint risk register, it should have the concept and assurance of agreement by all the integrated project team members, establishment of the procedures that are required for active management and monitoring of the risks throughout the on-going project and the during occupation on the completion, to make sure that the members of the team are having a proper opportunity for engaging in a dialogue that is eventually going to promote an agreement of the appropriate and accurate allocation of the risk, proper updating of the risk information throughout the project which would surely ensure the control of the risks by proper planning of how the risks will be managed through the on-going project so that it could have an acceptable limit and lastly efficient allocation of the responsibility for proper management of each of the risks with the suitable party that will best their job. (Office of government commerce, 2003) Now talking about value in detail particularly in much broadest sense then its main is to benefit the client or in simpler words the project that is worth doing and which could also quantify in the main business terms, for example, this can be done by creating a better and an efficient working environment or even by improving the overall experience of the associated people during their workings. In this respect, value basically means to e nsure that the correct choices and decisions are being made mainly to obtain the optimum and the best possible balance of the benefit mainly in its relation to the overall cost and its risk.

Social determinants of health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Social determinants of health - Essay Example Remarkably, the health situation in Australia is extraordinary and impressive in most aspects compared to other neighboring countries; however, the cancer issues continue to multiply creating the need to counter them and understand those affected for utter support. Definitely, cancer is an ailment that changes lives of most people with the survivors having positive outcomes resulting from well adjustment over time; nonetheless, there are still those that face daily challenges. The common health problems that result from cancer include weariness, aching, sexual complications, despair, apprehension and frame of mind deficiency; largely, these problems appear to be the core disruptors of the affected lives but the most frustrating are the social struggles (AIHW 2010). Typically, while undergoing treatment, most cancer patients are able to change their morals and objectives, perspectives on life and how they relate with others as part of the social development program: however, there are barriers such as occupational challenges, hitches with insurance and health worries that also negatively affect their social lives hence there still lacks a sheer solution. This article gives a brief analysis of the social impact on cancer evaluating the different social determinants of health relevant to the cancer and low socio-economic groups in Australia. Currently, cancer is the leading burden disease in Australia and has dominated for the last eleven years; the burden is a result of lives lost over the years due to premature death and disabilities from prostate, colorectal, breast, lung and melanoma cancers (CVA 2013). Occupational and social environment aspects of the infected affect the mortality rate; however, these are not the only core contributors but they are key determinants of a significant number of dissimilar cancers. The occupation determinant is about the exposures that people face in their workplaces; for instance, some of the machines and equipment used

Emergency Response to a dirty bomb incident Essay Example for Free

Emergency Response to a dirty bomb incident Essay Terrorist activities and world wars that were experienced released radioactive elements to the environment which have lead to the raise of low level nuclear materials due to exposure to the neutron radiation. Also activities carried out in hospitals and universities in an attempt of doing scientific research to come up with solutions to perplexing issues play a part in the release of low level waste materials that contain nuclear radiations. The radioactivity of the materials can be minimal or high depending on the period of time taken by the materials to absorb neutron radiations. Various National Regulatory Commission (NRC) policies and regulations have been formulated to guide towards the safe disposal of these materials that will not result in the overall deterioration of the environment or portray harm to the environment and its environs. The less radioactive low level nuclear waste is left to decay away and later disposed off as ordinary trash or collected in a heap to enable its shipment to sites approved by the guidelines underlying in the stipulated NRC policies and regulations (Berkhout, 2002). Terrorists or nations engaged in wars use dirty bombs to cause psychological stress, mass panic and terror to the other war counterpart as the bombs do not cause mass destruction. However, the use of dirty bombs introduces fissile materials to the environment which undergo nuclear reactions as time passes to produce fission products which are dangerous because they contain nuclear electrons. These products pose danger to the nature of the environment as major components are affected such as air, soil and ozone among others greatly affecting the normal functions carried out by the physical attributes and habitats of the environment. The health of human beings is also placed at a danger as fetal diseases and symptoms crop up leading to their death such as severe vomiting and swelling of human body parts. Also the economy of a country is affected placing the nation in an economic crisis that requires emergency strategies to pull back the nosedived economy so as to protect the country from economic collapse. Therefore, though the use of dirty bombs leads to the introduction of low level nuclear materials to the environment the after effects caused may be lethal thus the demand for extra care in the disposal and treatment mechanisms (Berkhout, 2002). The vengeance carried out by the Al Qaeda terrorists has lead to the adverse deterioration of the economic status of Hillsdale metropolitan due to the presence of radioactive materials which are affecting the development of the city. Some key areas in the city that are potential business sites have even been restricted from human activity due to the potential danger they portray to the humans. Research information collected by scientists and scholars show that human activities may activate the radioactivity of the waste materials evident in the city causing more harm to the residents residing in the safer regions of the city and in neighboring towns. Therefore strategies that will foresee the overall management of disposal and decontamination of the low level nuclear materials and the equipments used to collect and clean the materials should be formulated (Lynn et al. , 2003). To be able to help the metropolitan respond effectively to emergency cases that result from radiological dispersal devices there should be establishment of regular training facilities, sessions and exercises that educate and prepare emergency response staff members to be able to handle any incidents that will require the decontamination of the low level nuclear materials that exhibits danger to the environment and its inhabitants. These programs will help to educate the staff members and the communities at large on the dangers portrayed by the radioactive materials and understand the potential measures that should be followed to curb the danger. Also the necessary resources that are required to decontaminate the radioactive materials are availed during the training exercises and the appropriate method of handling the devices instilled into the emergency rescue staff members (Lynn et al. , 2003). The NRC should ensure thorough radiological assessment especially to the prohibited zones are conducted to enable collection of data that will help decide on which methods to use to decontaminate the low level nuclear materials liaising with the federal department for more information on the steps to take, for example deionizing activities that will stop the reactivity ability of the nuclear neutrons from forming fusion products that are a danger to the Hillsdale community and economy. Other methods include collection of the radio active materials into decontamination containers where they are heaped to decrease their decaying time (Bolz, Dudonis Schulz, 2005). Campaigns that will create awareness to the public on the essential measures to undertake and the dangers the radioactive materials portray to them should be organized. To enable the success of these campaigns the department should work hand in hand with the ecology department and the environmental protection agencies to stipulate strategies that the public should emanate in case of potential dangers exhibited by the radioactive materials. For example when incidents of explosions occur the public should quickly evacuate from the affected areas and run in directions that are free from the radioactive fallouts released by the explosion to prevent inhalation. They should also remove everything they had worn in the occurrence of the incidents safely disposing them and bath within the shortest time interval. The public should also not return to shelters or use properties that may have harbored the fallout particles for some hours (Lynn et al. , 2003). The transport behavior of the radionuclide elements or fallouts should be thoroughly researched to help in the implementation of geochemical and microbial characteristics to be imposed on the transport behavior of the fallouts. The contaminated properties and clean up materials undergo vitrification process in an attempt to purify them where they are de-nitrated to increase the stability of the fission product formed. Facilities that will enable ion exchange and synroc activities of decontaminating and disposing off the radioactive elements should be employed. Long term solutions that will enable disposal of the low level nuclear materials, clean up equipments and contaminated properties should be devised. For instance shafts that are approximately 500-1000 meters below the ground surface should be drilled to enable safe disposal of the radioactive nucleis. The decaying process that will follow will decrease the harm caused by the reactivity of these fallouts (Berkhout, 2002). The increased terrorist attacks will require the US government to formulate policies that will improve the overall process of decontaminating and disposing off low level nuclear materials that affect the social welfare and economic status of the nation. This will enable appropriate decisive and expert actions to be carried out within 48 hours of launch of dirty bombs, to effectively curb the dangers portrayed by the explosions that follow. Therefore the vulnerability of nations or cities for example Hillsdale from the consequences caused by use of dirty bombs will reduce creating a safe haven to the environment and its inhibitors. Reference List Berkhout, F. , (2002). Radioactive Waste: Politics and Technology. NY: Routledge. Bolz, F. , Dudonis, J. K. Schulz, P. D. , (2005). The Counter terrorism Handbook: Tactics, Procedures and Techniques. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Lynn, E. D. , LaTourrette, T. Public Safety and Justice Program (Rand Corporation), (2003). Individual Preparedness and Response to Chemical, Radiological, Nuclear, and Biological Terrorist Attacks: Chemical, Radiological, Nuclear, and Biological Attacks. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation Press.

The Information Technology Act

The Information Technology Act When Internet was developed, there was hardly any inclination that Internet could transform itself into an all pervading revolution which could be misused for criminal activities and which required regulation. Today, there are many disturbing things happening in cyberspace. Due to the anonymous nature of the Internet, it is possible to engage into a variety of criminal activities in cyberspace. All existing laws had to be amended to suit the latest developments. Since other laws cannot handle cyber legislations completely, the need was felt to introduce cyber law as a separate discipline. Reasonable Security Measures must be adopted while handling, storing, processing Sensitive Personal Information and Data. This paper examines the various aspects of Cyber Legal System. Keywords- Cyber Crimes, Cyber Crime Investigation, Cyber Forensics, Cyber Space, Cyber Law, Data Protection, Digital Signatures, E-Contracts, Intellectual property rights, IT Act INTRODUCTION The growth of Information Technology has given rise to a new society named Cyber Society. Computers and allied technology is used as a basic tool in Communication, Storage, and Control. Cyber Society includes Cyber Space which is no different from physical space in real society. Information and Communications Technology popularly known as ICT is considered as an integration of computers, software, storage, visual systems, telecommunications that enables a user to access, store, transmit and handle information. To maintain harmony and co-existence in Cyber Space, a need was felt for a legal regime which we call as Cyber Law. In simple words, Cyber Law is the law governing and regulating cyber space. Cyber Laws impact every aspect of Cyber Society be it Education, Entertainment, Business etc and are considered as basic laws of Cyber Space. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT Indian Cyber Law comprises mainly of Information Technology Act. The Information Technology Act was enacted in the year 2000 and came into force since then. IT Act 2000 is not a penal statute. The Act is intended to promote e-governance of which an essential part is e-commerce. All cyber crimes do not come under the ambit of IT Act; many crimes are covered under IPC. The objective of IT Act 2000 is to provide legal recognition to electronic records and transactions carried out by way of electronic data interchange. CYBER CRIMES Cyber Crimes require no special introduction. In this information technology era, computers and technology are used in every phase be it Business, Education, Governance, Communication, Booking of Rail, Air, Cinema Tickets to name a few. Crimes committed in the Cyber World are Cyber Crimes. In general, cyber crimes can be explained as crimes committed by using a computer either as a tool or a target or sometimes both. There are a variety of Cyber Crimes including Unauthorized Access, Tampering Computer Source Code, Electronic Documents, Forgery, Virus, Trojans, Online Defamation, Cyber Trespass, Stalking, Email Harassments, and Lottery Scams etc. New types of crimes are evolving day by day. Information Technology Act 2000 discusses certain types of Cyber Offences and provides Civil and Criminal Remedies thereon. The punishment is also provided under Information Technology Act 2000, Indian Penal Code, Criminal Law, and Banking Law etc. Therefore, any crime committed on the Cyber Space or by use of Cyber tools is punishable under Indian Law. These Laws are also applicable for persons residing outside India provided any computer, computer network, computer resource in India is used to commit a crime. E-CONTRACTS DIGITAL SIGNATURES A contract is considered as a key element in business. All agreements enforceable in a court of law only are called contracts. The ICT has given a new medium to transact business which is the electronic medium. A new form of business called e-business has become popular today which led to a revolution in commerce by way of e-commerce. With the rise in e-commerce, e-business, the business essentials also turned electronic. This has bought in a revived approach to paper based contracts by introducing e-contracts or online contracts. Information Technology Act has provided legal recognition to all e-contracts. The Act has advanced a unique form of authentication by way of e-authentication which includes digital and electronic signatures. An Electronic document to be legally valid has to be affixed with digital/ electronic signature. The digital signature is needed to use a PKI (public key infrastructure) authentication mechanism. Digital Signature forms an important component of E-contracts and a standard one way hash algorithm is adopted for checking the data integrity. In simple words, there is a public key which in the public domain and there is a private key which is known only to the private user, only if both the keys correspond the document is validated. The Government has licensing authorities called CAs (Certifying Authorities) who would be responsible for issuing a standard key generation systems to the public. A digital certificate would be issued based on application and certain approved procedures. At present there are four agencies established for this purpose including NIC, IDRBT and two private agencies like TCS, Safe Scrypt. IT Act 2000 has also provided a clarification as to determining the time and place of an electronic document when it is transmitted from one place to other. Any electronic document including a webpage, e-mail or any computer generated document can be held against the originator for legal purpose under the ambit of this law. Any automatic system which is either a hardware or software like programs, servers, routers can be considered as an Agent of the owner and any action taken by such a system may be legally held to be an action taken by the owner himself. DIGITAL RIGHTS Freedom of Speech and Right to Privacy are considered as certain rights which all the Citizens enjoy in the nation. Correspondingly, these rights also exist in the digital world. Just as freedom of speech is guaranteed by the Constitution of India, the same also extends to Online Speech or Cyber Speech that might include expression on a website, rights of regulators to restrict the freedom in the interest of sovereignty and integrity of the country, maintaining friendly relations with its neighbors as well as to retain harmony and peace in the society. The Information Technology Act provides that the Controller of Certifying Authorities can order decryption of any information and failing to co-operate with the concerned authority could lead to imprisonment. In addition, under POTA (Prevention of Terrorism Act), the appropriate authorities can intercept communication including emails under approved procedures without the knowledge of the user of the email. Likewise, an investigating Police officer has certain rights to not only intercept and monitor communication but also provide requisition support of the Network administrator for the purpose under Criminal Law read along with Information Technology Act. Right to privacy is a personal right that is guaranteed by the Constitution of India. In the world, whenever a person visits a website or sends out an e-mail his digital identities are being recorded by several systems. Additionally, users share their personal information for varied reasons to different websites. This information is covered under the privacy rights of a user. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY There exists digital property in cyber world as like the real property in real world. The digital property is also known as Intellectual Property. It is an intangible asset and a vital element in the e-business. It comprises of Copyright, Patent, Trade Mark, Trade Secret, Domain Name, Semi Conductors and Industrial Layouts, Designs. Domain Name is a crucial digital property which a website owner possesses. There is a contractual arrangement between the Domain Name Registrant and Domain Name Registrar. Domain Name registrars are those who are authorized for the purpose by ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) and the law regarding domain names is governed indirectly by the policies of the ICANN. Laws relating to domain names is associated and linked closely to Trade Mark Law. Generally, the person holding a trademark right can claim priority to possess a corresponding domain name. Content is another cyber property that needs to be considered. Content either within a file or on a website confers a copyright to the original author. The holder of copyright can assign or license the copyright for a price or allow it to be freely used by the public. Infringement, Punishments, Remedies are provided under the Copyright Law. Copyright in cyber world has some grey areas mainly due to a strict definition of Copyright law as applicable to the Meta Society would make Caching, Proxy Server Setting, Meta Tags setting, Caching by a search engine, Hyper linking, Framing, File Sharing etc as possible copyright infringements. Another area where digital property can be recognized is patents on Software and Web Utilities. These are encompassed under the Patent laws. A patent holder can enforce payment of licensing fee or damages if a Patent system is used by another person without specific authorization. Patents in the cyber world are facing a dilemma especially in regard to aspects of technology that are needed to keep the Internet going like Framing, Hyper Linking etc since they are claimed as patented products by the patent holders. DIGITAL EVIDENCE Evidence is the element which probablises a case in a court of law. The evidence in digital form is called Digital Evidence. This digital evidence may be found in computer hard disks, cell phones, iPods, pen drives, digital cameras, CDs, DVDs, floppies, computer networks, the Internet etc. In Civil Law, evidence is analyzed on the principle of PREPONDERANCE OF PROBABILITY. In Criminal Law, evidence is analyzed on the principle of BEYOND RESONABLE DOUBT. Digital Evidence is relatively difficult to destroy. Even if it is deleted, digital evidence can be recovered. When criminals attempt to destroy digital evidence, copies can remain in places they were not aware of. The Present Legal Scenario mandates two sets of quantum of evidence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ STRINGENT à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ RELAXED FACTORS OF DIGITAL EVIDENCE à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ IDENTIFICATION à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ PROCUREMENT à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ PRESERVATION à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ANALYSIS à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ PRESENTATION IN A COURT OF LAW If it can be proved that the chain is not compromised and from the time the sample is taken a standard protocol was followed,the defence tries to demonstrate that there was a possibility of compromise in the chain and proves that he is entitled for a benefit of doubt.(NDPS ACT ,FOOD ADULTERATION). The basic philosophy of understanding or accepting evidence is to know its authenticity. A document should be demonstrated or proved that it is the same document what is purports to be. The forensic skills, technology may be used to prove or demonstrate before a court of law. Section 65 B of the Indian Evidence Act 1872- a certificate similar to Section 3, 4 of Bankers Book Evidence Act. LOGIC BEHIND THE LAW In a secure environment, if persons are to transact there should be a trusted authority. The authority would supervise things to check the integrity, attributions and to prevent non- repudiation. If all these characteristics are given to any environment, the legal system of any country would accept it as legally admissible evidence. TRUSTED AUTHORITY The certificate issued by a trusted authority there is a general tendency to believe it to be true. There are many cases of manipulation of these certificates, but still such systems are not scrapped off. Eg: Voter ID, Passport There cannot be a 100% fool proof system. If it can be demonstrated before a court of law that the new technology is reasonably reliable which would indicate that if manipulated can be found out, then it is accepted by the court. The trusted authority is the certifying authority. It certifies the digital signature. There is an attribution or a presumption a corresponding amendment in the Evidence Act all these together make a presumption. All presumptions are rebuttable. The presumption shifts the onus or burden to the other party to prove the compromise. It applies to civil and criminal law. It is the passport office of the digital world. CYBER CRIME INVESTIGATION It is the Collection, Analysis, investigation of digital evidence, cyber trails. The various techniques of cyber crime investigation include forensic analysis of digital information -using forensic tools, use of sound forensic procedure to identify and detect evidence, examination of evidence, observation of proper custody of evidence, control procedures, documentation of procedures, findings to ensure admissibility in a court of law, preparation of comprehensive written notes, reports. INCIDENT RESPONSE It is considered as a pre-cursor to techniques of cyber crime investigation, forensic tools. Incident Response may be referred to as precise set of actions to handle any security incident in a responsible, meaningful and timely manner. The goals of incident response include confirming whether an event has occurred, educating senior management, helping in detection or prevention of such incidents, minimizing disruption, facilitating criminal action against perpetrators. Various steps of incident response are detection of incidents, initial response, investigation of event, reporting, resolution, pre-incident preparation. CYBER FORENSICS It is considered as the use of investigative, analytical techniques to identify, collect, examine, preserve and present evidence or information which is magnetically stored or encoded. Cyber Forensics can be also defined as the scientific method of examining, analyzing data from computer storage media so that data can be used as evidence in court The goal of computer forensics is to perform a structured investigation while maintaining a documented chain of evidence to find out exactly what happened on a computer and who was responsible for it. Computer evidence is just like any other evidence in the sense that it must be authentic, accurate, complete, convincing to Juries, in conformity with common law and legislative rules. EXAMINER OF ELECTRONIC RECORDS Section 79 A of IT Amended Act 2008 empowers the Central government to appoint any department or agency of Central or State government as Examiner of Electronic Evidence. This agency will play a crucial role in providing expert opinion on electronic form of evidence The explanation to the Section has an inclusive definition of electronic form evidence that means any information of probative value that is either stored or transmitted in electronic form and includes computer evidence, digital audio, digital video, cell phones, digital fax machines. With the increasing number of cybercrime cases it will become necessary to set up at least one Examiner of Electronic Evidence in each State. The CDAC cyber forensics lab in Trivandrum, CFSIL laboratory in Hyderabad are playing similar role at present in cybercrime. COMPUTER- LEGAL DEFINITION COMPUTER is defined under Section 2(1)(i) of the IT Act as:- Computer means any electronic magnetic, optical or other high-speed data processing device or system which performs logical, arithmetic, and memory functions by manipulations of electronic, magnetic or optical impulses, and includes all input, output, processing, storage, computer software, or communication facilities which are connected or related to the computer in a computer system or computer network;[1] ANALYSIS OF DEFINTION The term computer has been defined in a very wide sense. Considering the definition, devices like microwave ovens, washing machines, scanners, printers, desktops, personal computers, mobile phones etc are considered as a computer under Information Technology Act. COMMUNICATION DEVICE Similarly the word communication devices inserted in the Information Technology Amended Act 2008 has been given an inclusive definition, taking into its coverage cell phones, personal digital assistance or such other devices used to transmit any text, video etc like what was later being marketed as iPad or other similar devices on Wi-Fi and cellular models. CYBER SECURITY There is a need to create a secure environment in cyber space and also prevent unauthorized access and misuse of computer system. In simple words, the security of the cyber space can be called cyber security. Cyber security is critical due to the dangers that threats in cyber world. It requires a global co-operation and effort from all stake holders. DEFINITION The term Cyber Security is for the first time given a legal definition under Indian Cyber Law. Cyber Security has been newly added in the IT Amended Act 2008, under Section 2 (nb) which is as under- Cyber Security means protecting information, equipment, devices, computer, computer resource, communication device and information stored therein from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification or destruction. [2] ANALYSIS OF DEFINTION The said definition provides security in terms of both, physical security to the devices and security to the information stored therein such devices. The above definition also provides protection for unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification and destruction to both physical device and the information stored therein. All communication devices like phones, smart phones and other devices used to communicate audio, video, image, text is covered under the ambit of the definition. DATA PROTECTION LEGAL REGIME Processing of data raises considerable issues on privacy, e-security, misuse of individual information and data. Personal data like credit cards, debit cards etc are normally routed via many countries. The Government of India recently notified the Reasonable security practices and procedures and sensitive personal data or Information Rules, 2011 (Rules) under Section 43A of the Information Technology Act, 2000 (ITA). These Rules have been made effective from April 11, 2011. Section 43A of the ITA inter alia deals with protection of data in electronic medium1 by providing that when an body corporate is negligent in implementing and maintaining reasonable security practices and procedures in relation to any sensitive personal data or information which it possesses, deals or handles in a computer resource which it owns, controls or operates and such negligence causes wrongful loss or wrongful gain to any person, such entity shall be liable to pay damages by way of compensation to the person so affected. Section 43A applies to data or information in a computer resource. The Rules define Personal Information and Sensitive personal data or information to mean as follows: Personal Information means any information that relates to a natural person, which, either directly or indirectly, in combination with other information available or likely to be available with a body corporate, is capable of identifying such person Sensitive personal data or information means such personal information which consists of information relating to;- (i) Password; (ii)Financial information such as Bank account or credit card or debit card or other payment instrument details; (iii) Physical, physiological and mental health condition; (iv) Sexual orientation; (v) Medical records and history; (vi) Biometric information; (vii) Any detail relating to the above clauses as provided to body corporate for providing service; and (viii) Any of the information received under above clauses by body corporate for processing, stored or processed under lawful contract or otherwise.[3] EXCEPTION TO SENSITIVE PERSONAL DATA OR INFORMATION Any information that is freely available or accessible in public domain or furnished under the Right to Information Act, 2005 or any other law for the time being in force is not to be regarded as sensitive personal data or information. ANALYSIS Definition of personal information is wider than sensitive personal data or information (SPDI). The definition of SPDI is in the nature of an exhaustive list of items. Hence, no other information apart from the one listed above, would be considered as SPDI. It is interesting to note that Section 43A only included SPDI within its ambit, but some of its provisions of the Rules have been made applicable to Personal Information. It is appropriate to note that these Rules apply to personal information irrespective of the nationality of the provider of the information; thus information provided not only by Indian nationals but also by nationals in different jurisdictions, whose information is stored, dealt or handled by a corporate entity in a computer resource in India would attract the provisions of the ITA. The applicability is driven by the location of computer resource in India, as can be seen from the wording of Section 43A of the ITA read with the Rules. Rules will also be applicable in cases where the information is collected in India and is transferred to any computer resource outside India and also in cases where the information is neither collected nor stored in India, but is dealt with or handled in India E.g. even accessed from India. Thus, typical outsourcing businesses where personal information of foreign nationals is transferred to Indian entity (ies) who deal or handle such information would henceforth attract the provisions of the IT Act. DATA PRIVACY RULES SECURITY MEASURES The Data Privacy Rules require that the body corporate and the Data Processor implement reasonable security practices and standards; have a comprehensively documented information security program, and security policies. These must contain managerial, technical, operational and physical security control measures that are commensurate with the information assets being protected and with the nature of business. The International Standard IS/ISO/IEC 27001 on Information Technology Security Techniques Information Security Management System Requirements is recognized as an approved security practices standard that the body corporate or the Data Processor could implement to comply with security measures under the Data Privacy Rules. Any other security standard approved by the Central Government may also be adopted by the body corporate or the Data Processor in compliance with the security measures under the Data Privacy Rules. The security standards adopted by the body corporate and the Data Processor should be audited by an auditor approved by the Central Government. The audit must be carried out at least once every year, or at such times as the body corporate or the Data Processor undertakes a significant upgrade of its process or computer resource. If there is an information security breach, the body corporate or the Data Processor will be required, upon request from a governmental agency, to demonstrate that it has implemented the security control measures as per its documented information security program and information security policies. A corporation is required to designate a Grievance Officer to address the grievances of the Provider. The name and contact details of the Grievance Officer must be published on the website of the body corporate. The Grievance Officer must address the grievances within 1 month from the date of receipt of grievance. JURISDICTION Since the cyber world is a boundary less world, there are lots of issues regarding Jurisdiction, which laws would apply. Material may be lawful at one place, but unlawful somewhere else for instance the places from where is it accessed. The Yahoo Case is a classic example. ILLUSTRATION Consider a scenario, where a person A is employed as a computer programmer by a bank in Country X. The programmer managed to instruct a computer to transfer money to his account in Country Y. A case was registered against the programmer in Country X. On Appeal, the Court in Country X had no jurisdiction over matters from Country Y. Though S.75 of IT Act provides for extra-territorial operations of this law, but these should be enforced with orders and warrants of external authorities and demands a highest level of inter-agency cooperation. ADJUDICATING AUTHORITY ADJUDICATING OFFICER Up to Rs.5 Crores IT SECRETARY OF THE STATE. CYBER APPELLATE TRIBUNAL appellate jurisdiction. SUB COURT or CITY CIVIL COURT. CYBER CRIME PROSECUTION Section 67 C to play a significant role in cyber crime prosecution- Section 67 C brings a very significant change in the IT Act, 2000. According to this section, intermediaries shall be bound to preserve and retain such information as may be prescribed by the Central government and for such duration and format as it may prescribe. Any intermediary that contravenes this provision intentionally or knowingly shall be liable on conviction for imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 yrs or fine not exceeding one lakh or both. Many cybercrime cases cannot be solved due to lack of evidence and in many cases this is due to the fact that ISP failed to preserve the record pertaining to relevant time . This provision is very helpful in collection of evidence that can prove indispensable in cybercrime cases POSSIBLE RELIEFS TO A CYBERCRIME VICTIM- STRATEGY ADOPTION A victim of cybercrime needs to immediately report the matter to his local police station and to the nearest cybercrime cell Depending on the nature of crime there may be civil and criminal remedies. In civil remedies, injunction and restraint orders may be sought, together with damages, delivery up of infringing matter and/or account for profits. In criminal remedies, a cybercrime case will be registered by police if the offence is cognizable and if the same is non cognizable, a complaint should be filed with metropolitan magistrate For certain offences, both civil and criminal remedies may be available to the victim CONCLUSION The word cyber crime is not mentioned in the IT ACT for the reason that not to scare away the potential users and keeping in mind the basic philosophy of reducing the digital divide(computer literate or not ) . Reasonable measures should be adopted. The IT Act is an articulation of all existing laws with e added to most of the provisions. The dark or grey areas should not alone be highlighted. We can therefore conclude that cyber law knowledge is the need of the hour for the persons working with computers, computer systems, computer networks, computer resources and information communication technology since these laws cover the legal aspects of the information technology and ignorance of law is no excuse in the eyes of law.

Christianity and Abortion :: Papers

Christianity and Abortion The Christian belief in the sanctity of life is based on the teachings of famous Christians and on what they read in the bible, the teachings of Jesus. A quote from the bible which seems to support the view that abortion is wrong is from Psalm 139:13, verses 15-16,    â€Å"You created every part of me; You put me together in my mother’s womb†¦ When my bones were being formed, Carefully put me together in my mother’s womb. When I was growing there in secret, You knew that I was there – You saw me before I was born. The days allotted to me Had all been recorded in your book, Before any of them ever began.†    This seems to be saying that god has already begun to have an influence on the life of a person before they are even born. The life of a person is already unique and god has already given them their own identity before they are born. If this is true, and the quote seems to be saying that it is, then abortion would have to be seen as a crime on the same level as murder. There are no good grounds for murder, one of the Ten Commandments says,    â€Å"Do not commit murder.†    So, if we were to consider only this quote then we would have to see abortion as fundamentally wrong, any justification for abortion would become a justification for murder, and we can see no justification for murder, the ultimate sin. Another quote from the bible would seem to strengthen this view, Jeremiah 1:4-5    The Lord said to me, ‘I chose you before I gave you life, and before you were born I selected you to be a prophet to the nations.†    This seems to suggest, as did the last quote, that God decides the fate of the child before it is born, abortion would prevent the child from Christianity and Abortion :: Papers Christianity and Abortion The Christian belief in the sanctity of life is based on the teachings of famous Christians and on what they read in the bible, the teachings of Jesus. A quote from the bible which seems to support the view that abortion is wrong is from Psalm 139:13, verses 15-16,    â€Å"You created every part of me; You put me together in my mother’s womb†¦ When my bones were being formed, Carefully put me together in my mother’s womb. When I was growing there in secret, You knew that I was there – You saw me before I was born. The days allotted to me Had all been recorded in your book, Before any of them ever began.†    This seems to be saying that god has already begun to have an influence on the life of a person before they are even born. The life of a person is already unique and god has already given them their own identity before they are born. If this is true, and the quote seems to be saying that it is, then abortion would have to be seen as a crime on the same level as murder. There are no good grounds for murder, one of the Ten Commandments says,    â€Å"Do not commit murder.†    So, if we were to consider only this quote then we would have to see abortion as fundamentally wrong, any justification for abortion would become a justification for murder, and we can see no justification for murder, the ultimate sin. Another quote from the bible would seem to strengthen this view, Jeremiah 1:4-5    The Lord said to me, ‘I chose you before I gave you life, and before you were born I selected you to be a prophet to the nations.†    This seems to suggest, as did the last quote, that God decides the fate of the child before it is born, abortion would prevent the child from

Reactive Oxygen Species Essay -- Biology, Lipids, Proteins, DNA

The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an unavoidable consequence in aerobic organisms as by products during metabolic respiration (Han et al., 2007, Je et al., 2009). These highly reactive ROS can be considered as strong oxidants and have been shown to induce damage in all cellular macromolecules, such as lipids, proteins and DNA. Over the years dietary polyphenols have been widely studied for their biological activities including antioxidant activity (Ahn et al., 2007, Heo et al., 2009, Kang et al., 2005, Li et al., 2009). Polyphenolic compounds are naturally occurring compounds containing phenolic functionality and this large diverse group of secondary metabolites are exist both in terrestrial and aquatic environments (Shibata et al., 2002, Susanto et al., 2009). Beside the strong antioxidant properties, these naturally occurring polyphenols are known to have numerous biological activities such as anti inflammatory (Ryu et al., 2008), anti allergic (Lee et al., 2009), anti bacterial (Al-Mola, 2009, Suffredini et al., 2004), anti-plasmin inhibitiory (Fukuyama et al., 1990), matrix metalloproteinase inhibitory (Kim et al., 2006) and anticancer (Kong et al., 2009). The high antioxidant power of polyphenols is generally believed to responsible for these activities. Therefore it is very clear that the possibility of use this active compounds in many industrial applications as functional ingredients. Phlorotannins (brown algal polyphenols) are polyphenolic compounds found exclusively in brown seaweeds. Phlorotannins, a subgroup of tannins, are produced entirely by polymerization of phloroglucinol units (Kang et al., 2007, Koivikko et al., 2005). During last two decades, the roles and functions of phlorotannins have been ... ... available proteases and carbohydrases. Further they reported that Alcalase and Viscozyme extractes were more effective than the other extracts tested. With these significant results it is clear that EAE affords big advantage over commonly used classical extraction technique. Taken together, enzyme treatment previous to extraction has resulted in improved yields in the case of bioactive components from seaweeds. In all instances mentioned above, hydrolytic enzymes have been used in different combinations as agents that interact on cell walls, breaking down the structural integrity rendering the intracellular materials more exposed for solvent extraction. Since EAE has attracted growing interest in the extraction of biologically active components, the technique could be explored as a mean to enhance the extraction of particular metabolites from seaweeds. Reactive Oxygen Species Essay -- Biology, Lipids, Proteins, DNA The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an unavoidable consequence in aerobic organisms as by products during metabolic respiration (Han et al., 2007, Je et al., 2009). These highly reactive ROS can be considered as strong oxidants and have been shown to induce damage in all cellular macromolecules, such as lipids, proteins and DNA. Over the years dietary polyphenols have been widely studied for their biological activities including antioxidant activity (Ahn et al., 2007, Heo et al., 2009, Kang et al., 2005, Li et al., 2009). Polyphenolic compounds are naturally occurring compounds containing phenolic functionality and this large diverse group of secondary metabolites are exist both in terrestrial and aquatic environments (Shibata et al., 2002, Susanto et al., 2009). Beside the strong antioxidant properties, these naturally occurring polyphenols are known to have numerous biological activities such as anti inflammatory (Ryu et al., 2008), anti allergic (Lee et al., 2009), anti bacterial (Al-Mola, 2009, Suffredini et al., 2004), anti-plasmin inhibitiory (Fukuyama et al., 1990), matrix metalloproteinase inhibitory (Kim et al., 2006) and anticancer (Kong et al., 2009). The high antioxidant power of polyphenols is generally believed to responsible for these activities. Therefore it is very clear that the possibility of use this active compounds in many industrial applications as functional ingredients. Phlorotannins (brown algal polyphenols) are polyphenolic compounds found exclusively in brown seaweeds. Phlorotannins, a subgroup of tannins, are produced entirely by polymerization of phloroglucinol units (Kang et al., 2007, Koivikko et al., 2005). During last two decades, the roles and functions of phlorotannins have been ... ... available proteases and carbohydrases. Further they reported that Alcalase and Viscozyme extractes were more effective than the other extracts tested. With these significant results it is clear that EAE affords big advantage over commonly used classical extraction technique. Taken together, enzyme treatment previous to extraction has resulted in improved yields in the case of bioactive components from seaweeds. In all instances mentioned above, hydrolytic enzymes have been used in different combinations as agents that interact on cell walls, breaking down the structural integrity rendering the intracellular materials more exposed for solvent extraction. Since EAE has attracted growing interest in the extraction of biologically active components, the technique could be explored as a mean to enhance the extraction of particular metabolites from seaweeds.

Catering operations

Patrons will be able to book on the internet the time they would prefer their food to be served. Well trained front of the house staff should take reservations, after reservations are done patrons should e welcomed to the restaurant and escorted to their tables and staff should hold chairs for women. I will make sure that all front of the house staff that is going to serve the food should know all the dishes and the ingredients in them. Waiters and waitress should be able to dish food on the tables and defining the fish when It Is served.Linen should always be clean and must be changed If a patron leaves the table. Bar will make sure that my bar Is always stocked with the best wines, that can be paired with the dishes on menu for example champagnes, brandy, liquors, splats, ciders, lagers and the best coffee. I will employee an experienced manager who is experienced to run both the bar and the kitchen. Atmosphere: I will use the best available fine china, glassware and flat ware. Cla ssic music should be played not too loud to overpower the patron's conversation and the lights should be dimmed (romantic).I am going to produce Italian food, because it is health. The food is not too refined and it contains nutrients that help to reduce some chronic diseases. Fresh fruits and vegetables are important in traditional Italian cuisine. Many vegetables, fruits and herbs that are used in Italian dishes, such as tomatoes, spinach, leafy Renee, citrus fruit, onions and garlic contain low calories and fat. The food Is high In nutrient value, Like vitamin A which is good for healthy balloons and iron which transport oxygen throughout the body and Is essential for chemical reactions In the body.Dietary fiber Is always available In traditional Italian cuisine and It Is health and good for the digestive system. Fiber also reduces blood cholesterol levels, maintains sources of healthy fats. Olive oil and seafood contains omega-3 fatty acids that helps to prevent heart diseases a nd reduces blood pressure. Eating fresh tomatoes educes the risk for prostate cancer. I have chosen Italian food because I have experience in cooking the dishes and making pizzas . 1 have been working in Italian restaurant for long and I feel I will have enough knowledge about the dishes.Italian food is one of the best cuisines in the world and it also cheap and easy to cook. I am going to use ala carte menu because patrons have: Choice of food – Ala carte have an advantage of having a wide range of dishes with a flexible menu. I make my restaurant have ala carte menu with at least three dishes to choose from per course. This will be an advantage because a variety will tend to please all customers. Price – Ala carte menus are clearly priced from starters to deserts. These will an advantage as the customers will know exactly the cost of their dishes.Meals are priced according to the ingredients used for example vegetarian dishes will be cheaper than the meat dishes. Cus tomers will know the cost before ordering the food, which prevent customers from being presented with unexpected bill at the end of dining Flexibility -A la carte menus have the advantage of being flexible. Ala carte meals also cater for a wide range of customers with efferent needs. Starters and side orders are sold at low prices than the mains which can substitute for a meal for other customers.For so customers who require more food, they can order as much as they want for example they can order two deserts instead of one. Customers are free to order exactly the food they want. A la carte menus are at an advantage to the fixed price because customers can order what they want at the quantity they want and won't feel like they are they have been over charged. I will employee two chef De Patti, an apprentice commits chef and two kitchen porters. I will be the head chef of the restaurant.Since the restaurant will be opening 6 days a week and closed on Mondays, one chef De Patti will b e working three days a week(to cover me when I am off, to cover another chef De Patti and to cover the commits chef when he is of unless when it is busy that's when he/she can work. On the kitchen porters, one will be part time to cover if the other one is off, he/ she can work if the restaurant is busy. Hiring apprentice, the company will benefit from wage subsidies from the government. The company will also benefit in training the chef on how to cook the dishes.Kitchen staff hierarchy will be as follows; will train my staff on how to cook the dishes and ways to avoid wastage of food. I will be responsible for ordering stock and monitoring the stock level dairy. In the kitchen during services I will be cooking main courses, plating and sending the food. On busy days when they is another chef De Patti, my duties will be calling out orders, plating the food and garnishing the food. Chef De partier will be responsible for preparing main course dishes, cooking starters and he/she can h elp anyone in the kitchen if he/ she does not have work to do.He/she can also make desserts if the commits chef is busy doing other Jobs. The commits chef will do cold starters, pizzas and he can also do desserts. Kitchen porter will be responsible for washing the plates, cutlery, cleaning of the kitchen, helping the commits chef with Jobs like washing and peeling of vegetables. They are so many factors that I looked at when I made my menu. One of the factors is Availability of foods; I looked at the ingredients that I can get in the local market . 1 have also consider ingredients in the season. Food habits; I have also done a survey to see the kind of food people prefer to eat.I also considered the culture, traditions and beliefs. Patrons prefer to dine where their beliefs and practices are not violated. Budget; I also took into consideration when I was doing the menu. I avoided food that does not last for long. I looked at dishes that I will spend less money to buy them but brings more money. Time available; food preparation must meet deadlines. Quick service is one good asset in the catering industry. Customers must be served with their order in a short period of time. Type of customers; when I came up with the menu I considered the type of customers I will e serving.I will be mainly serving a wide range of people so the menu will cater for different people Dietary requirements; I have also considered people with special dietary needs like vegans, vegetarian, vivo-lacertian, lacertian, nut allergic, diabetic and celiac. Weather; during summer months the restaurants will provide outdoor table and the menu will change to differentiate from summer and winter. Occasions; the menu will cater for different occasions for example during Christmas, Christmas dinners will be served. Staff and facilities; to make the menu I have considered the Taft I will have to employ in order to cook the food.There must be appropriate facilities for staff to work on. The layout in the kitchen makes it easy for staff to work on efficiently. Marketing of the menu; I will be changing the menu every two weeks, so the new menu needs to be marketed. I will market my menu using marketing strategy like inviting well known customers for tasting, hiring someone to distribute leaflets to businesses and community, Joining companies like group to do the marketing for you, using local newspaper to market the menu and using billboard and put it outside the restaurant.