Interaction Theories free essay sample

A. Compare and contrast two of the models or theories presented in this chapter considering their usefulness in practice, research, education and administration. For the purposes of this discussion, I have selected King’s Theory of Goal Attainment and Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations. On a broad perspective, both theories aim at explaining the interaction processes that happen between a nurse and her patient. Imogene King’s basic assumption of her theory is that the nurse and the client communicate information, set goals mutually, and act to attain those goals. The same can actually be said with Peplau’s theory wherein she states that nursing is an interpersonal process because it involves interaction between two or more individuals with a common goal, the attainment of which is achieved through the use of a series of steps, and that the nurse and patient work together so both become mature and knowledgeable in the process. A lot of similarities can be seen from both works as they try to explain the nursing process in a nurse-patient interaction level. see fig. 1) The concepts of person, health, environment and nursing are recurring themes on both theories as they attempt to integrate it with each of their own interaction models. The deviation between the two theories occur where the focus of their study lie in the current nursing practice. King focused on the major concept of interacting systems: Personal, interpersonal and social systems, and how the accuracy of determining which system is most applicable would lead to eventual transaction. Because of the severity of her condition, the emergency room nurses attending for this particular patient immediately began taking actions to stabilize her condition, such as securing an IV line, drawing blood for labs, applying oxygen and doing an ECG all at the same time. When asked by a nurse to take her ordered dose of aspirin the patient fearfully verbalized, â€Å"What are you doing to me? † Soon after, when the patient’s condition did not significantly improve but got worse, the physician advised the husband that patient be brought to the cardiac catheterization laboratory for an angiogram. The client was adamant that she did not want to take drastic measures, but the husband indicated that he wanted whatever was necessary to improve his wife’s condition. This is an excellent example of a client losing the sense of self-hood. In regard to the concept of self, King (1981) stated â€Å"If nurses and other professionals interact with patients or clients as human beings, and let the individuals be themselves, nurses and patients would help each other grow in self-awareness and in understanding of human behavior, especially in stressful life experiences. † In an environment that requires one to be reactive and responsive, clients often perceive nurses as being too busy or too hurried. King (1981) encouraged nurses to be aware of how they present themselves to their clients because the manner in which nurses enter a client’s room sets the tone for the entire encounter. Poor communication skills lead to poor transactions and interactions between the nurse and the client. Poor communication skills also affect goal setting and goal attainment (Williams, 2001). It is solely because of this perception that proper â€Å"scripting† with the patients has been constantly reiterated to all nursing personnel and including even the support staff. In stark contrast with the example presented above, here is a situation where King’s Theory of Goal Attainment was used in the emergency room setting. Patient ST, a 32-year old male trauma patient who went to the emergency room due to a traumatic amputation of an arm secondary to a motor vehicle accident. The assessment phase of the nursing process can take in the concepts associated with the personal system. Once the patient has been hemodynamically stabilized, the nurse’s attention is now focused on assisting the patient cope with the feelings of loss, separation and anger that he is experiencing. The patient’s feelings of perception, self body image, growth and development, time and space must be considered after doing the primary survey of airway, breathing and circulation. In fact, this is even specified in my institution’s â€Å"Emergency Room Nursing Database† in its attempts to fulfill the JCI requirements in documentation. Attempting to restore the patient’s self-esteem in the light of the traumatic loss is a mutually established goal between the nurse and the client. It is also important for the nurse to realize that the patient’s perceptual field is narrowed because of the pain and emotion that he is currently experiencing. King’s theory highlights the importance of the participation of the individuals in decision making and deals with the choices, alternatives, and outcomes of nursing care. The theory offers insight into the nurses’ interactions with the individuals and groups within the environment (Williams, 2001). Element of the theory of Imogene King is usually applied specifically in interpersonal and social systems. More often than not, the mode of interaction being used in the emergency department is a dyad (2 people interacting), where the perception of a patient is changed because of a communication that takes place providing education to a patient with knowledge deficit. Such an example occurs in ensuring a patient and its significant others’ compliance; if the patient does not understand the importance of a certain intervention or medication, cooperation and adherence will be very difficult to achieve. But once the nurse educates them with proper nurse-patient interaction and therapeutic communication, compliance and adherence to medical regimen can be achieved. King’s Goal Attainment Theory (Client-Centered Theory) is indeed what we are practicing in the daily routine of the hospital and in any other clinical setting. Giving the patient the pertinent information of what is going to happen or what is happening will lessen the patient’s anxiety that contributes to tachycardia, restlessness and give them a sense of control of the situation.

Tips For Writing a Cross Cultural Communication Essay Topic

Tips For Writing a Cross Cultural Communication Essay TopicWriting a cross cultural communication essay can be difficult if you are not prepared with a wide range of cross-cultural communication topics to be covered. Generally, every communication course on the market has different cross cultural communication essay topics. But even if you don't have them, you should still prepare yours for the exam.If you get a good grade for the essay, you are going to be competent at conversational writing and conversation. The question here is what kind of essay topics you should make your essay topics. What are the main topic? Is it historical, political, or sociological?There are other things to consider too in choosing your essay topics. One example would be your course's subject matter, is it pure science, technical, literature, or humanities?An important thing to note is that you should not do research on a topic, unless you know that you know what you are talking about. Most of the times, s tudents often write something without doing any research on it. And we call this writing. If you are talking about something that you know about, you have to include research on that topic. But if you don't know much about the topic, just make sure that you are familiar with the topic at least.So a text book example would be writing about a subject such as 'meteors', if you don't know much about meteors, just use the Wikipedia article to inform you about meteors. So even if you don't have enough knowledge about meteorology, you can still make it informative.Another thing that needs to be noted is the relevance of the topic. If you are writing about a subject that doesn't belong to your area of expertise, you have to make sure that it is within your area of expertise. It is important that you mention what makes you qualified to speak on that topic. Otherwise, you will be wasting time because you will just be spouting off information.To conclude, be sure to make your cross cultural co mmunication essay topics appealing and informative. Do research about the topic. Know the subject's history, how it is related to the current topics and the content and make sure that it is relevant.

Density Lab Report Essay Example

Density Lab Report Paper Density is defined by its mass per unit volume, and is most often written in mathematical terms as; Mass is usually given in grams, g, and volume is given in cubic centimeters, g/ com, or, grams per millimeter, g/ml_ Density is not a property that depends upon the amount of substance present. For example, one gram of lead and one ton of lead have the same density. Density also does depend on temperature. For instance cold water is denser than warm water; ice is less dense than both. The method used for determining the density Of a substance depends on the nature f the substance. In this lab the densities of unknown irregularly shaped solids and liquids was determined. Accuracy and precision of the results will be estimated, and attention Will be paid to the correct use of the significant figures. The experiment approach that will be used will tell the mass and volume of the metal and liquid determined by measuring these two quantities with a graduated cylinder and Beirut. Procedure: a) The density of metals First obtained a quantity to unknown metal. Recording the unknown number, I used only one type of metal for this part of the experiment. The unknown metal that was instructed to use was a chunk, therefore, used a Some graduated cylinder, When using the Scam cylinder, I filled it with water to approximately the ml mark. Then recorded the exact volume of water that was added. Placed the cylinder and water on the balance and recorded the mass to every 0. Lag. Added the metal to the graduated cylinder until the water level increased by approximately 2_Mom_ Being sure to tap the sides of the cylinder to release any air bubbles. I then recorded the volume of the water plus teal to the nearest 0. ml Then recorded the total mass of the cylinder, water and metal. Added more pieces of metal to the cylinder until the water level had increased by 2. Mi. Then recorded the exact volume Of water plus metal and total mass of cylinder, water and metal. Repeated the procedure twice more. Being careful not to go over the Mimi mark. And recording the data each time. Calculations: determined the total volume of metal in the cylinder by su btracting the volume of water from the volume of water plus metal. We will write a custom essay sample on Density Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Density Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Density Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Then found the corresponding ass of metal by subtracting the mass of the cylinder and water from the mass of the cylinder, water and metal, I plotted out the graph showing the total mass of metal on they-axis, and the volume on the x-axis. I found the slope of the line by taking two random points from the graph, performing the slope formula and finding the density. From the table provided, I identified the unknown metal to be silver, b). Determining the density off water/ethanol mixture. Obtained an unknown solution from the instructor. Then recorded the number of the solution. Then rinsed a burette with a little of the ethanol solution, and filled the burette with that same solution. Read the burette level to the nearest 0. Ml. Then weighed an empty Mimi Erlenmeyer flask. Turned the knob Of the burette and put approximately 23. Ml of solution into the flask. I read the burette again, to O_Osmosis and recorded. Next weighed the flask and its contents, by placing the flask on the balance and recording the temperature Of the solution. I then determined the density Of the solution by taking the mass of solution and dividing by the volume of solution. Repeating the procedure twice more using a clean flask and the same balance each time. Calculations: For each of the three trials calculated the density of the solution and determined the mean, average deviation from the mean, percent precision and the range. Then drew a calibration curve from the data given on page 17 of my Laboratory Manual, Discussion: Based on the value of my density, and based on the literature values given on page 16 of my Laboratory Manual, the unknown metal is silver. The density I had obtained trot the slope of the graph was 9. Egg/ml. En compared my density to the chart given, looking for a similar density, The density of my unknown metal was not exact with a particular metal given in the chart, but kept in mind that the density of silver can vary depending of the state it is in, Error Analysis: The possible sources of error in finding the density of the unknown metal and liquid would have to be my consistency throughout the experiment had approximated with my bare eye and was not consistently exact. Therefore, there was an inaccuracy in reading the volume displaced from the graduated cylinder and the Beirut.

Filing a Follow to Join Application (Form I-824)

Filing a Follow to Join Application (Form I-824) The United States allows the spouses and children of U.S. green card holders also to get green cards and permanent residency in the United States, using a document known as Form I-824. It is more popularly known as the â€Å"Follow to Join† process, and U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services says it is a more expedited way of coming to the country than processes that were in place years ago. Follow to Join allows families who may not be able to travel together to reunite in the United States. Since the early days of the republic, Americans have demonstrated a willingness to keep immigrant families together, as much as possible. Technically, Form I-824 is called an Application for Action on an Approved Application or Petition. Form I-824 can be a powerful tool for promoting family reunification. Some important things to keep in mind: It is extremely important that you submit all required initial evidence with all the supporting documentation with your application at the time of filing. USCIS has strict requirements about what evidence you will need to provide.Follow to Join is only valid if the principal applicant has established permanent residency in the United States through employment, family-preference, the Green Card lottery or through a K or V visa.Follow to Join does not require a separate immigrant petition and does not require the applicant to wait for a visa to become available.You dont need to file Form I-130 to take advantage of the Follow to Join process.The principal applicant must not be a U.S. citizen. Thats a different process. If the principal applicant has become a naturalized citizen, then he or she can file a separate visa petition to bring family members here.The Follow to Join process is only available to children who are under the age of 21 and unmarried. Children over the age of 21 or ma rried children can immigrate to the United States if a parent becomes a naturalized U.S. citizen. There are provisions in U.S. immigration law for allowing stepchildren and adopted children to participate in Follow to Join. People who have gotten permanent residency through the Immediate Relative R category are not eligible for Follow to Join but can petition for visas for their spouses or children by filing Form I-130. Some Documents You Are Likely To Need Some examples of the evidence (documentation) that is typically required include certified copies of the childrens birth certificates, a copy of the marriage certificate and passport information. All documents have to be verifiable. Once the petition is approved by USCIS, the petitioners children or spouse must appear at a U.S. consulate for an interview. The filing fee for the Follow to Join application is $405. The check or money order must be drawn on a bank or financial institution located in the United States. According to USCIS, â€Å"Once Form I-824 has been accepted, it will be checked for completeness, including submission of the required initial evidence. If you do not completely fill out the form or file it without required initial evidence, you will not establish a basis for eligibility, and we may deny your Form I-824.† Further, USCIS says: â€Å"If you are in the United States and have not yet filed to adjust your status to permanent resident, you can file Form I-824 for your child overseas with your Form I-485. When concurrently filing Form I-824, it does not require any supporting documentation.† As you can see, this can get complicated. You may want to consult with a qualified immigration attorney to make sure your petition is approved without excessive delays. Government immigration officials warn immigrants to be careful of scammers and disreputable service providers. Beware of promises that seem too good to be true – because they almost always are. Applicants can check the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) website for current contact information and hours.

Shiva and Vishnu Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 21

Shiva and Vishnu - Essay Example Tiger also represents lust, thus by sitting on it, Lord Shiva indicates that he ahs also conquered lust. 4. Sacred Ganga: Lord Shiva has provided an outlet for the holy river to traverse the earth from the crown of his head. The Ganga represents the casual waters from which the earth arises, purity and it also denotes fertility. 5. The third eye: famously known as the three-eyed god, the right eye of Lord Shiva is the sun, the left eye is the moon and the third eye on his forehead is the eye of wisdom. The third eye looks beyond the obvious and it can identify evil from anywhere and destroy it completely. 6. Half-open eyes: Completely closed eyes represent the dissolvent of the universe and when it is completely open a new cycle of creation begins. Half-open eyes denote that the universe cycle is in process. 7. Crescent: Shiva bears on his head the crescent of the Panchami moon. This shows the power of Soma, a representative of the moon. It denotes that Shiva possesses the power of procreation along with the power of destruction. The moon is also a measure of time and hence the crescent also denotes his control over time. 8. Cobra necklace: the cobra that circles Shiva’s neck thrice depicts the past, present and future time. It represents the fact that he is beyond the power of death and also dormant energy. The serpent looking in the right direction of the Lord signifies that Shiva’s laws of reason and justice preserve natural order in the universe. 10. Elephant skin and deerskin: Elephants represent pride and by wearing them Shiva indicates that he has conquered pride. The deer represents a flickering mind and by wearing its skin lord Shiva indicates that he has controlled the mind perfectly. 11. Rudraskha necklace: Rudra is the other name of Lord Shiva and it also means strict or uncompromising and aksha means eye.

New Media and Consumer Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

New Media and Consumer Behaviour - Essay Example The new media not only offers various benefits for consumers but also has allowed the consumers to promote their goods and services. Popular social and networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, eBay, YouTube etc. have made possible for the normal consumers to become suppliers and vendors through the new media. These revolutionary advancements challenge the typical business models which have been there since decades. The traditional ways of developing strategies, finding customers, marketing and advertising don’t seem that useful now. (HENNIG-THURAU ET AL.2010; EVANS & BRATTON.2008) SOCIAL MEDIA- THE NEW MEDIA: Social media is also called Web 2.0 which allows users to interact with each other through new technologies. The new technology has empowered the users which now allow them to share information in a way that wasn’t possible before. Social media includes networking sites, consumer review sites, online communities, journals and blogs controlled by individuals and com panies. Now days people need to involve in ‘conversation’, that is talk about the thing offered. ... Joiners utilize the sites, blogs etc by using them while spectators are silent viewers of the content who view and read the content uploaded by different participants. Inactive participants are online but they don’t take part in the conversation any aspect. Businesses now realize the importance of actively participating in these conversations and influencing user’s minds for marketing their products. (HAWKINS, MOTHERSBAUGH & MOOKERJEE.2011; EVANS & BRATTON.2008) New media can be explained as â€Å"Websites and other digital communication and information channels in which active consumers engage in behaviors that can be consumed by others both in real time and long afterwards regardless of their spatial location.† (HENNIG-THURAU ET AL.2010). New media is made up of interactive communication and information channeling platforms. According to mentioned explanation the new media allows users to exchange information anytime anywhere irrespective of their location. Thi s information can be utilized not only today but also in the long term. New media is digital which makes it cost effective. Like old means of exchange of information, there is no cost involved in producing digital copies as it can be accessed by millions of people on internet. Consumers, thorough the new media can actively participate in giving feedback about every aspect of value chain. New media is visible, that is any feedback, comments, reviews and blogs can easily be traced. The biggest advantage offered by the new media is the real time access and exchange of information at anytime. The feedback posted and received in instant through chats, videos, blogs and reviews, making it easier for other readers to make an opinion regarding the product. Additionally new media has made interaction possible among

AirAsia Planning and Decision Making

AirAsia Planning and Decision Making This is the logo and the organization which I interested and I want to intro the planning process and Decision Making in this company. It is one of the famous company in Malaysia. Asias leading airline was established with the dream of making flying possible for everyone. Since 2001, AirAsia has swiftly broken travel norms around the globe and has risen to become the worlds best. With a route network that spans through more than 20 countries, AirAsia continues to pave the way for low-cost aviation through our innovative solutions, efficient processes and a passionate approach to business. Together with our associate companies, AirAsia X, Thai AirAsia and Indonesia AirAsia, They are set to take low-cost flying to an all new high with our believe, Now Everyone Can Fly. Planning is one of the most important project management and management techniques. Planning is preparing a sequence of action steps to achieve some specific goal. If you do it effectively, you can reduce much the necessary time and effort of achieving the goal. The important of planning involves like defining organization goals, establish strategies to achieve goals,and develop plans to integrate coordinate work activities. A plan is like a map. When following a plan, you can always see how much you have progressed towards your project goal and how far you are from your destination. Knowing where you are is essential for making good decisions on where to go or what to do next. The most important to ensure that everyone is clear of what to accomplish. Planning is also crucial for meeting your needs during each action step with your time, money, or other resources. With careful planning you often can see if at some point you are likely to face a problem. It is much easier to adjust your plan to avoid or smoothen a coming crisis, rather than to deal with the crisis when it comes unexpected time. Example Air Asia plans to expand their operations in Europe, so they consultation to the Government of French . They has been granted landing rights in Paris and is awaiting further details from authorities. The mission in Air Asia got four major point. The first point is to be the best company to work for whereby employees are treated as part of a big family. Then the second point is create a globally recognized ASEAN brand. The third point is to attain the lowest cost so that everyone can fly with AirAsia and the last point is Maintain the highest quality product, embracing technology to reduce cost and enhance service levels. They had achieved the goals but the second point they havent achieved it because in this strong competitive era , too many company like Malaysia Airlines and Tiger Airways also want to be the globally recognized ASEAN brand, but they will work hard to achieve their goals. Type of plan The first type of plan is strategic plans. It is long term and apply to entire organization. It also a broad plans. This type of plan is made by the top management for the whole organization such as CEO, COO, and other. This plan is usually done for 5 years and above Example, Air Asia CEO planning want to take more route in 5 years. The second type of plan is tactical plans. It is a short term goal and basically focus on the problems of resource allocation. This plan is made by middle level management such as manager. It done for a period of 1-5 years. Example, they want to buy more bigger airplane in 4 years. The third type of plan is operational plan. It is encompass particular operational area of the organization. It cover short time period. This plan developed by first line manager such as supervisor. Example, their goal is a daily capacity of 3 million. The fourth type of plan is long term plan. It is plan with time frames extending beyond 3 years. This plan usually use to making research or market research. The fifth type of plan is short term plan. It is plans that are clearly defined and no room for interpretation. Example, they promotion and discount the ticket to let more people can fly. Planning process The step one of planning process is set objectives which means establish objective and targets while taking into consideration such as mission, strategic plans/goals, environment, and availability of resources. In Air Asia have set their objective like made their ticket price more cheaper and provide better service. They step two of planning process is analyze and evaluate the environment. Once objectives are established, manager must analyze their current situation and environment (internal external)to determine what resources are available. Internal environment included such as raw material, machine/ equipments , finance ,money ,and other. External environment included PEST which is policies, economic, social, technology and competitor. Air Asia analyze and evaluate the environment after set their objectives like do survey. The step three of planning process is identify alternatives which means list down as many alternatives as possible to reach the goals. Air Asia list many alternatives like connect to other company, let their worker learn more language and upgrade their facility. The step four of planning process is evaluate the alternatives which means evaluate all alternatives to determine which combination of alternatives is the most effective and efficient to achieve the goals. For each alternatives, manager will look at the advantages or disadvantages. Air Asia will try all alternatives and identify before see which is the best. The step five of planning process is select the best solution which is select the best alternatives that gives most advantages and fewest disadvantages.Air Asia choose the best solution is upgrade their facility so that can let their customer more comfortable. The step six of planning process is implementing the plan which means decide who will be involved determine, what resources need, how the plan be evaluated and how reporting will be handled. If Air Asia want make their customer more comfortable, then the best away is buy the new and bigger airplane. The last step is controlling and evaluating the result which means monitor to ensure plan is going according to expectations and make necessary adjustment, if needed.Chart.png Factors of effective planning There are some factors of Air Asia to make an effective planning to let them success. The first is fatten the organizational hierarchy to foster development of planning skills at all level of organization. It can made the company more systematization. The other is practice MBO(management by objective) -technique that emphasize collaboration objective setting by managers and subordinates which means if CEO and other department can effective work together and strengthen their worker then the company sure will be a best company in the world. The third is encourage employees at all levels to provide feedback and suggestions for planning that means the company see their employees are treated equally. The four is develop plan that are specific but flexible which means although the company made the plan to achieve goal ,if got some problem must change and discuss, dont rigid to follow the original plan. The five is must acquire facts and information that are current and reliable to be accurate in planning that will be made the CEO accurate to made a good plan to their compan y. The last is develop contingency plans and strategies. It is the very important effective away that can be immediately correspondence when the company got some emergency. The problem of Air Asia In 2008-2009, Air Asia got many problem that made their company loss. There some issue that are involved for that company whereby they are unable to achieve their goal. The first one is mission statement objectives of organization are not clear and precise enough for planning which means the company not follow their step to achieve the goals , it will affect all organization progress, example Air Asia want charge the several fees if customer booking already the ticket but suddenly want change. Although it is rational but some time some customer change their ticket but no need charge the fees, so they not accurate and not follow the mission. The other is some managers are not experiences in planning. It is because the plans always decide by the to management , not by middle management, so if suddenly want manager to decide plan will made some mistake . Some managers have negatives thinking of planning as they think planning is costly, time consuming waste of time. Air Asia sometime will think that plans will use many costly and if the plan no success will wasting time , so in 2008 their company did not get mush profit. After the end of 2009, Air Asia made a different decision that is change a manager and CEO . The other away is set a new objective and effective to follow the goal that is the first important thing. Example they want reception customer about 100million a day. Decision Making Decision making can be regarded as the mental processes resulting in the selection of a course of action among several alternatives. Every decision making process produces a final choice. The output can be an action or an opinion of choice. It can making a choice from two or more alternatives. Identify problems or opportunities, developing alternatives , choosing an alternative and implementing it. Decision making also is performed by all level of management in an organization. Type of Decision The first type of decision is organizational decision which means made by managers within their authority in accordance with organizational such as goals, policies, procedures, and strategies. Example ,Air Asia wan to be a globally recognized ASEAN brand. The second type of decision is personal decision which means made based on managers personal choice and preference. Example ,the Air Asia s manager made two plan like upgrade the facility first or training the worker first, then CEO choose the one he like. The third type of decision is strategies decision which means deals with long term plans which is important for growth and survival of organization. Example , Air Asia need to plan a long term plan to achieve goals in this period of economic instability. The four type of decision is tactical decision which means deals with routine and operational activities. Example manger need to deals the operational activities such as system failure, the environment, and other . The five type of decision is programmed decision which means repetitive decision that can be handled by routine approach. It using when the problem being resolved straightforward, involve goals that are clear, and information about problem is available and complete. Example Air Asia use in policy, procedure, and rule. The last type of decision is un-programmed decision which means unique and non-recurring or generate unique responses. It use when the problem are new and unusual and when the information is incomplete. Decision Making Process Decision making process is very important to any company The step one of decision making process is identifying the problem . It is obstacle that males achieving a desired goal or purpose difficult. It also must be know that problem the organization facing and characteristics of the problem. Example Air Asia want lower fares or not . The step two of decision making process is identifying decision criteria which means factors that are important to resolving the problem. Example price, distance, customer, location ,and time. The step three of decision making process is allocating weights to the criteria. Assigning a weight to each item places the items in the correct priority order of their importance in the decision making process. Example customer is the first, then is distance , price, time, and the last is location. The step four of decision making process is developing alternatives. Alternatives are listed without evaluation that can resolve the problem. Manager look for as many alternatives to solve the problem. Example list down their competitor such as Malaysia Airlines , Tiger Airway and other. The step five of decision making process is analyzing alternatives. Analyze and evaluate each alternatives and find out their advantages or disadvantages. Example identify advantages or disadvantages of lower fares. The step six of decision making process is selecting an alternatives. Choose the best alternatives and with the highest total weight and with the most advantages fewest disadvantages. Example lower fares can make more customer come to buy , location no far than 700km, time about 2-3 hours. The step seven of decision making process is implementing the decision. Putting the chosen alternatives into action. Example Air Asia choose is lower the fares. The step eight of decision making process is evaluating decision effectiveness which means monitor or provide feedback on how well the decision has been implemented or is there any adjustment and corrective action need. Example Air Asia lower fares because can made more customer buy and increase profit. Creating Environment for Effective Decision Making The first of effective decision making is provide time for decision to be made which means manager should not rush and be pushed to make a decision, especially crucial. Negotiate more time and make good quality decision. Example when Air Asia airplane got some emergency problem , then manger should made a clear decision to solve the problem. The second of effective decision making is have self confidence which means managers must have self confidence and courage especially when making risky. Example manager must have self confidence when decide a high risk plan . The third of effective decision making is encourage others to make decision which means managers should trust subordinates and allow them to make decision. This will get their commitment when they are involved. Example manager must trust their worker or employee when they made some decision. The fourth of effective decision making is learn from past decisions which means managers should look at decision that worked and decision that did not use them as a guide. Example Air Asia need to see the decision first then decide want training their worker or not. Making Decision to be Ineffective decision The first point of making decision to be ineffective decision is time pressure which means not enough time to decision then will made mistake . The second point of making decision to be ineffective decision is limited amount of available information or incomplete information. Sometime some manager cant not get incomplete information so he will made wrong decision. The third point of making decision to be ineffective decision is higher levels of uncertainty in todays business environment. Conclusion After I research this company ,I learn more about planning and making decision. In my opinion, any company must be planning and decision making because if any company loss any one , will made the company not direction, no achieve goals, and other. And the last is must made customer happy because customer is always right. C:UsersMichaelDesktopnewINTIuc logo.jpg Name Lim Kok Hui Student ID I10005487 Program DBAD Course Code MGT1101 Section 5SS1 Lecturers Name Hardjinder Kaur A/P Balbir Singh Submission Date 14/6/2010 Aims: To help course participants consider the fundamental areas within management. Select an organization with which you are either interested or familiar with and write a 2,000 word essay on any 2 areas of the organization within the following areas: Planning and Decision Making Process